in the context of中文的八卦，YOUTUBE和Yahoo名人娛樂都在討論

【由語言學看「晶晶體」的 6 種形成原因】為什麼那些台北美國學校的學生那樣點餐？有些東西用台語說就是比較爽？party 的中文講成「派對」(你真的用?) ?

因為從小在天母長大的關係，家裡附近剛好就是台北美國學校 (TAS)，當時還常常碰到美國人。步行到家裡後面有一家漢堡店叫「茉莉漢堡」、還有一家常常有很多美國人光顧的「吃吃看」甜品店。

改裝、搬家前的茉莉漢堡店，長得有點像美國、或日本的食堂，每個人拿個一個盤子，跟廚師直接點要怎樣的餐點。小時候每次去的時候，都會聽到 TAS 的學生，這樣點著餐：

「老闆 Can I have a cheeseburger？ Ummm 那個洋蔥少一點 , like, 非常少, 謝謝。」

「Ummmm 我想要一個 chocolate 的奶昔。Thanks.」

（所以訓練了我長大後眼球挺靈活的，隨時可以翻轉)

長大學了語言學，才知道那樣的行為叫 code-switching。但在你 hasten to 說那是 pretentious (假掰) 之前 (這樣講話討厭齁) ，先讓我娓娓道來 code-switching 的 multi-functionality (多功能性)。

在這先提供給大家簡單的定義：Code-switching refers to the use of more than one language in the course of a conversation (Gass & Selinker, 2004).

Code-switching 這樣的概念，最早在 1935 年由學者 Bloomfield 所觀察並定義，後來隨著 bilinguals、polyglots (講多國語言者) 的數量的增加，日以吸引眾多的語言學家加以研究，並歸納出 code-switching 的眾多特色和功能。

每個人混雜語言的原因不同、目的也可能不同。下面介紹幾個時機:

1️⃣+2️⃣ 有時去 code-switch 是因為那個概念只有在該文化當中存在或較容易表達）、有時則在刻意展現特定身份 (identity)。

例如，在日本留學會講一些日語的美國人，可能跟同在日本留學的美國朋友講「加油」時，轉成日文「頑張って！」「ガンバ!」「頑張れ」。除了因為該日文在
日本人生活中出現的「高頻度之外」(frequency)，也可能跟想要表現彼此都是 「會講日文的美國人」的身份有關係。 (identity construction)。

另外，像我自己的日本朋友，也會用濃濃的日文腔，很認真地說「魯肉飯食べたいね！」(好想吃魯肉飯)，因為那不是日本有的食物（因此沒有該詞彙，硬翻無其必要性)。
而台灣人在講中文時，有時跑出的「台語」，也很多時候是這個狀況。

3️⃣ 有時 code-switch 會因為社會背景、情境下而出現 (social context)。

例如，語言學家很喜歡研究「移民」的 code-switching 現象。例如，美國加州早期就有不少台灣或中國搬過去的移民，在當地奮鬥後成立家庭。其後代常常雖然小時候在
家裡偶爾會聽到中文（因為第一代母語還是中文)，但因為環境中以及在學校受教育時使用的語言是「英文」，所以這些二代和父母講話時可能不時會中英交雜。

這就是受到社會情境下所影響的 code-switching 現象。
（這樣的研究在美國很常做的是英文跟西班牙文的 code-switching、在加拿大魁北克則是英文和法文的 code-switching)。

4️⃣ 而在語言教室當中常常出現的 code-switching 則可能是因為其中的某一個語言的 level of proficiency 不足的原因，以 "communication strategy" （溝通策略) 的方式出現。

例如，學生可能會說 "I don't usually use....行動支付 because..." "I didn't enjoy it because it tasted too 澀. "

(這跟第1種不一樣喔，因為行動支付和澀都是英文中可以輕易表達的概念）。

5️⃣ code-switching 也很常在 stand-up comedy (脫口秀) 當中出現，主要目的是用來藉由製造不協調 (incongruity)、衝突，來製造幽默。

“Code-mixing assists in the built-up of the incongruity that produces humorous effects." (Mutheu, 2015)

6️⃣ 因為每個語言在不同的環境、社會情境下，都難免會有一些人民所給它的不同的形象、價值。有些人會以 code-switching 的方式來製造 superiority (優越感) 、authority
(權威性)。

這篇文章就先分享 6 種 code-switching 的功能給大家。因為畢竟不是社會語言學的論文，文章就不寫更長了。

因為韓國瑜的演講，晶晶體再度受到討論。這篇文章
希望能有協助到大家更了解晶晶體背後的形成原因。至於每個人在 code-switch 的背後原因是什麼，這就留給大家去想像、猜測、分析了！

Photo credit: 自由時報

【由語言學看「晶晶體」的 6 種形成原因】為什麼那些台北美國學校的學生那樣點餐？有些東西用台語說就是比較爽？party 的中文講成「派對」(你真的用?) ?

因為從小在天母長大的關係，家裡附近剛好就是台北美國學校 (TAS)，當時還常常碰到美國人。步行到家裡後面有一家漢堡店叫「茉莉漢堡」、還有一家常常有很多美國人光顧的「吃吃看」甜品店。

改裝、搬家前的茉莉漢堡店，長得有點像美國、或日本的食堂，每個人拿個一個盤子，跟廚師直接點要怎樣的餐點。小時候每次去的時候，都會聽到 TAS 的學生，這樣點著餐：

「老闆 Can I have a cheeseburger？ Ummm 那個洋蔥少一點 , like, 非常少, 謝謝。」

「Ummmm 我想要一個 chocolate 的奶昔。Thanks.」

（所以訓練了我長大後眼球挺靈活的，隨時可以翻轉)

長大學了語言學，才知道那樣的行為叫 code-switching。但在你 hasten to 說那是 pretentious (假掰) 之前 (這樣講話討厭齁) ，先讓我娓娓道來 code-switching 的 multi-functionality (多功能性)。

在這先提供給大家簡單的定義：Code-switching refers to the use of more than one language in the course of a conversation (Gass & Selinker, 2004).

Code-switching 這樣的概念，最早在 1935 年由學者 Bloomfield 所觀察並定義，後來隨著 bilinguals、polyglots (講多國語言者) 的數量的增加，日以吸引眾多的語言學家加以研究，並歸納出 code-switching 的眾多特色和功能。

每個人混雜語言的原因不同、目的也可能不同。下面介紹幾個時機:

1️⃣+2️⃣ 有時去 code-switch 是因為那個概念只有在該文化當中存在或較容易表達）、有時則在刻意展現特定身份 (identity)。

例如，在日本留學會講一些日語的美國人，可能跟同在日本留學的美國朋友講「加油」時，轉成日文「頑張って！」「ガンバ!」「頑張れ」。除了因為該日文在
日本人生活中出現的「高頻度之外」(frequency)，也可能跟想要表現彼此都是 「會講日文的美國人」的身份有關係。 (identity construction)。

另外，像我自己的日本朋友，也會用濃濃的日文腔，很認真地說「魯肉飯食べたいね！」(好想吃魯肉飯)，因為那不是日本有的食物（因此沒有該詞彙，硬翻無其必要性)。
而台灣人在講中文時，有時跑出的「台語」，也很多時候是這個狀況。

3️⃣ 有時 code-switch 會因為社會背景、情境下而出現 (social context)。

例如，語言學家很喜歡研究「移民」的 code-switching 現象。例如，美國加州早期就有不少台灣或中國搬過去的移民，在當地奮鬥後成立家庭。其後代常常雖然小時候在
家裡偶爾會聽到中文（因為第一代母語還是中文)，但因為環境中以及在學校受教育時使用的語言是「英文」，所以這些二代和父母講話時可能不時會中英交雜。

這就是受到社會情境下所影響的 code-switching 現象。
（這樣的研究在美國很常做的是英文跟西班牙文的 code-switching、在加拿大魁北克則是英文和法文的 code-switching)。

4️⃣ 而在語言教室當中常常出現的 code-switching 則可能是因為其中的某一個語言的 level of proficiency 不足的原因，以 "communication strategy" （溝通策略) 的方式出現。

例如，學生可能會說 "I don't usually use....行動支付 because..." "I didn't enjoy it because it tasted too 澀. "

(這跟第1種不一樣喔，因為行動支付和澀都是英文中可以輕易表達的概念）。

5️⃣ code-switching 也很常在 stand-up comedy (脫口秀) 當中出現，主要目的是用來藉由製造不協調 (incongruity)、衝突，來製造幽默。

“Code-mixing assists in the built-up of the incongruity that produces humorous effects." (Mutheu, 2015)

6️⃣ 因為每個語言在不同的環境、社會情境下，都難免會有一些人民所給它的不同的形象、價值。有些人會以 code-switching 的方式來製造 superiority (優越感) 、authority
(權威性)。

這篇文章就先分享 6 種 code-switching 的功能給大家。因為畢竟不是社會語言學的論文，文章就不寫更長了。

因為韓國瑜的演講，晶晶體再度受到討論。這篇文章
希望能有協助到大家更了解晶晶體背後的形成原因。至於每個人在 code-switch 的背後原因是什麼，這就留給大家去想像、猜測、分析了！

Photo credit: 自由時報

【Joshua Wong speaking to the Italian Senate】#意大利國會研討會演說 —— 呼籲世界在大學保衛戰一週年後與香港人站在同一陣線

中文、意大利文演說全文：https://www.patreon.com/posts/44167118

感謝開創未來基金會（Fondazione Farefuturo）邀請，讓我透過視像方式在意大利國會裡舉辦的研討會發言，呼籲世界繼續關注香港，與香港人站在同一陣線。

意大利作為絕無僅有參與一帶一路發展的國家，理應對中共打壓有更全面的理解，如今正值大學保衛戰一週年，以致大搜捕的時刻，當打壓更為嚴峻，香港更需要世界與我們同行。

為了讓各地朋友也能更了解香港狀況，我已在Patreon發佈當天演說的中文、英文和意大利文發言稿，盼望在如此困難的時勢裡，繼續讓世界知道我們未曾心息的反抗意志。

【The Value of Freedom: Burning Questions for Hong Kongers】

Good morning. I have the privilege today to share some of my thoughts and reflections about freedom, after taking part in social activism for eight years in Hong Kong. A movement calling for the withdrawal of the extradition law starting from last year had escalated into a demand for democracy and freedom. This city used to be prestigious for being the world’s most liberal economy, but now the infamous authoritarian government took away our freedom to election, freedom of assembly, freedom of expression and ideas.

Sometimes, we cannot avoid questioning the cause we are fighting for, the value of freedom. Despite a rather bleak prospect, why do we have to continue in this struggle? Why do we have to cherish freedom? What can we do to safeguard freedom at home and stay alert to attacks on freedom? In answering these questions, I hope to walk through three episodes in the previous year.

Turning to 2020, protests are not seen as frequently as they used to be on the media lens, partly because of the pandemic, but more importantly for the authoritarian rule. While the world is busy fighting the pandemic, our government took advantage of the virus to exert a tighter grip over our freedom. Putting the emergency laws in place, public assemblies in Hong Kong were banned. Most recently, a rally to support press freedom organized by journalists was also forbidden. While many people may ask if it is the end of street activism, ahead of us in the fight for freedom is another battleground: the court and the prison.

Freedom Fighters in Courtrooms and in Jail

Part of the huge cost incurred in the fight for freedom and democracy in Hong Kong is the increasing judicial casualties. As of today, more than 10 thousand people have been arrested since the movement broke out, more than a hundred of them are already locked up in prison. Among the 2,300 protestors who are prosecuted, 700 of them may be sentenced up to ten years for rioting charges.

Putting these figures into context, I wish to tell you what life is like, as a youngster in today’s Hong Kong. I was humbled by a lot of younger protestors and students whose exceptional maturity are demonstrated in courtrooms and in prison. What is thought to be normal university life is completely out of the question because very likely the neighbour next door or the roommate who cooked you lunch today will be thrown to jail on the next.

I do prison visits a few times a month to talk to activists who are facing criminal charges or serving sentences for their involvement in the movement. It is not just a routine of my political work, but it becomes my life as an activist. Since the movement, prison visits has also become the daily lives of many families.

But it is always an unpleasant experience passing through the iron gates one after one to enter the visitors’ room, speaking to someone who is deprived of liberty, for a selflessly noble cause. As an activist serving three brief jail terms, I understand that the banality of the four walls is not the most difficult to endure in jail. What is more unbearable is the control of thought and ideas in every single part of our daily routine enforced by the prison system. It will diminish your ability to think critically and the worst of it will persuade you to give up on what you are fighting for, if you have not prepared it well. Three years ago when I wrote on the first page of prison letters, which later turned into a publication called the ‘Unfree Speech’, I was alarmed at the environment of the prison cell. Those letters were written in a state in which freedom was deprived of and in which censorship was obvious. It brings us to question ourselves: other than physical constraints like prison bars, what makes us continue in the fight for freedom and democracy?

Mutual Support to activists behind-the-scene

The support for this movement is undiminished over these 17 months. There are many beautiful parts in the movement that continue to revitalise the ways we contribute to this city, instead of making money on our own in the so-called global financial centre. In particular, it is the fraternity, the mutual assistance among protestors that I cherished the most.

As more protestors are arrested, people offer help and assistance wholeheartedly -- we sit in court hearings even if we don’t know each other, and do frequent prison visits and write letters to protesters in detention. In major festivals and holidays, people gathered outside the prison to chant slogans so that they won’t feel alone and disconnected. This is the most touching part to me for I also experienced life in jail.

The cohesion, the connection and bonding among protestors are the cornerstone to the movement. At the same time, these virtues gave so much empowerment to the mass public who might not be able to fight bravely in the escalating protests. These scenes are not able to be captured by cameras, but I’m sure it is some of the most important parts of Hong Kong’s movement that I hope the world will remember.

I believe this mutual support transcends nationality or territory because the value of freedom does not alter in different places. More recently, Twelve Hongkong activists, all involved in the movement last year, were kidnapped by China’s coastal guard when fleeing to Taiwan for political refugee in late-August. All of them are now detained secretly in China, with the youngest aged only 16. We suspect they are under torture during detention and we call for help on the international level, putting up #SAVE12 campaign on twitter. In fact, how surprising it is to see people all over the world standing with the dozen detained protestors for the same cause. I’m moved by activists in Italy, who barely knew these Hong Kong activists, even took part in a hunger strike last month calling for immediate release of them. This form of interconnectivity keeps us in spirit and to continue our struggle to freedom and democracy.

Understanding Value of freedom in the university battle
A year ago on this day, Hong Kong was embroiled in burning clashes as the police besieged the Polytechnic University. It was a day we will not forget and this wound is still bleeding in the hearts of many Hong Kongers. A journalist stationed in the university at that time once told me that being at the scene could only remind him of the Tiananmen Square Massacre 31 years ago in Beijing. There was basically no exit except going for the dangerous sewage drains.

That day, thousands of people, old or young, flocked to districts close to the university before dawn, trying to rescue protestors trapped inside the campus. The reinforcements faced grave danger too, for police raided every corner of the small streets and alleys, arresting a lot of them. Among the 800+ arrested on a single day, 213 people were charged with rioting. For sure these people know there will be repercussions. It is the conscience driving them to take to the streets regardless of the danger, the conscience that we should stand up to brutality and authoritarianism, and ultimately to fight for freedoms that are guaranteed in our constitution. As my dear friend, Brian Leung once said, ‘’Hong Kong Belongs to Everyone Who Shares Its Pain’’. I believe the value of freedom is exemplified through our compassion to whom we love, so much that we are willing to sacrifice the freedom of our own.

Defending freedom behind the bars

No doubt there is a terrible price to pay in standing up to the Beijing and Hong Kong government. But after serving a few brief jail sentences and facing the continuing threat of harassment, I learnt to cherish the freedom I have for now, and I shall devote every bit what I have to strive for the freedom of those who have been ruthlessly denied.

The three episodes I shared with you today -- the courtroom, visiting prisoners and the battle of university continue to remind me of the fact that the fight for freedom has not ended yet. In the coming months, I will be facing a maximum of 5 years in jail for unauthorized assembly and up to one ridiculous year for wearing a mask in protest. But prison bars would never stop me from activism and thinking critically.

I only wish that during my absence, you can continue to stand with the people of Hong Kong, by following closely to the development, no matter the ill-fated election, the large-scale arrest under National Security Law or the twelve activists in China. To defy the greatest human rights abusers is the essential way to restore democracy of our generation, and the generation following us.

．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．
💪小額支持我的獨家分析及文章：https://bit.ly/joshuawonghk
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【明報專訊】繼金庸同羅貫中後，蕭叔叔最愛的小說作家就是維多利亞時期的英國人Charles Dickens，中文一般譯為狄更斯。狄更斯最出名的，是他風趣幽默的文筆。別看他的Great Expectations成本字典咁厚，字句咁長就以為好悶，蕭叔叔讀佢時，成日都笑到收唔到聲。可是本文主旨不是Dickens的英式幽默，今天找來的一段文字，背了會有三大功效（哎，蕭叔叔愈來愈像個cheap cheap salesman）：

一、學懂何謂工整的英文。

二、吸收英文的文氣、節奏。

三、學會巧妙運用動詞。

試問又怎能不背？看文章前，當然要了解背景。文章取自Dickens名作Great Expectations，故事講主角窮小孩Pip無意中救了逃犯Magwitch，後來又唔知點解有人畀筆錢佢去倫敦學做紳士。下面一段，是chapter 1裏小Pip碰見逃犯的情景。這段文字，一定要大聲朗讀，否則無意思。要聽蕭叔叔不太完美的聲演，當然要看短片（english.mingpao.com/siu.htm）。

A fearful man, all in coarse grey, with a great iron on his leg. A man with no hat, and with broken shoes, and with an old rag tied round his head. A man who had been soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles, and torn by briars; who limped, and shivered, and glared, and growled; and whose teeth chattered in his head as he seized me by the chin.

如果你覺得深字多，唔緊要，唔使怕，因為每個字都要查。蕭叔叔學英文，分精讀（是用盡所有精力去讀，唔係補習社精讀班的精讀）同hea讀。Hea讀唔使點查字典，get個大意即可。精讀嘛，當然要每個字都查，否則浪費了大好文字，對不住好作家。

蕭叔叔最想大家看的是這句：

A man who'd been

soaked in water,

and smothered in mud,

and lamed by stones,

and cut by flints,

and stung by nettles,

and torn by briars;

此所謂工整。每個item都是一個被動動詞加preposition加名詞，而且每個item都是兩個重音，讀起來節奏鏗鏘，頗像詩詞。中文當然也有類似修辭手法，好像三國演義中曹軍謀臣孔融同荀彧在曹操面前，辯論袁紹是否可怕的敵人，荀彧說：「紹兵多而不整。田豐剛而犯上，許攸貪而不智，審配專而無謀，逢紀果而無用：此數人者，勢不相容，必生內變，顏良、文醜，匹夫之勇，一戰可擒。其餘碌碌等輩，縱有百萬，何足道哉！」其中一系列排比句：

田豐剛而犯上，

許攸貪而不智，

審配專而無謀，

逢紀果而無用。

兩字的人名，然後一個單字形容詞，配上「而」，再來一個意思相對的形容詞。效果同樣是工整非常，讀起來甚有氣勢。

你可能會說：下下咁寫，會唔會好作狀？這是蕭叔叔給所有writing學生的warning：學任何東西，都要留意場合是否適合，context是否需要某些寫法。排比句，當然不能句句用，否則聽起來像sing song，一點本來intended的效用都沒有。要多想whether the background and circumstances of your writing warrant the use of the pounding rhythm and perfect symmetry of the parallel structure.

也講講句子後半部：who limped, and shivered, and glared and growled，都是簡短的一至兩個音節的動詞。留意整段文字的動詞，都很能draw pictures：soaked、smothered、lamed、cut、stung、torn、limped、shivered、glared、growled，全部都非常生動，同學不妨學習這種寫法，善用多變的動詞，文章會生色不少。

作者簡介

蕭愷一，aka蕭叔叔。夢想做男神、現實是大叔的英文教學狂熱分子，law grad，哲學碩士dropout，語言學愛好者，以speak English like an educated native為教與學的終極目標。（facebook.com/siuhoiyat）

文︰蕭愷一

■教學短片

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