假設某人每月投資1000塊,投資標的長年下來,有9%的年化報酬率。那麼他投資20年,會累積多少錢呢?
我們先把9%的年報酬換算,得到0.7207%的月報酬率。然後以簡單的等比級數總合公式(財務上稱年金終值公式),可算出這樣投資20年後會有638852的價值。
我們也可以算出,每月投資1000元,在年報酬6%、7%、8%、9%和10%的投資標的,經過15、20、25和30年後的累積價值。做成表格,如圖。
這個表很實用。譬如某人投資是每月3000塊,他想看年報酬7%,20年後的成果,那麼他就查看表中1000塊,在7%年報酬20年後的累積價值,是507536。將這個值乘以3,得1522608,就是他在這個狀況下的累積成果。假如投資是每月一萬,就把數值乘以10。
這個表也顯示了一個現象。假如某人每月投資1萬,在年報酬9%的標的,在25年後會有1057萬的價值。
但一樣的投資在年報酬8%的標的,25年後,累積價值約是909萬。兩者差了148萬,也就是報酬從9%掉1%,變成8%,累積價值就減損14%。
投資報酬率只要差一點點,在長時間之後,將對最終資產造成顯著的影響。
這個估算裡,最重要最核心的的問題在於,長期投資的預期報酬率到底是多少。
近五年來,許多市場、基金,常有二三十趴的年報酬率。許多投資人,特別是近幾年才進入市場的投資人,已經把這當作常態,把年報酬20%以上當長期目標。在這一片大好局面裡,我將引用一些長期的資料,一些無法讓人興奮,但能讓人認清現況的事實。
知道這些灰色事實後,長期的投資規劃才能立足於前人的經驗,而有合理的期待,而不是外插現在陡峭的上升線,換來日後深深的失落。
1999年,加州大學的Jorin和耶魯大學的Goetzmann先生,在Journal of Finance發表了一篇Global Stock Market in the Twentieth Century 的文章。內容詳細分析了從1921到1996年間,全球股票市場的報酬率。
這75年間,美國股市(US index),全球股市(Global index)和非美國股市(Non-US index)的平均年報酬率。我們可以看到,無論是算數平均數(Arithmetic Return)還是幾何平均數(Geometric Return)的報酬率,全都是落在7到8%附近。而且還有兩個問題。
在表中,可以看到存活的市場(Survived markets)和全部的市場(All markets)。而存活的市場的報酬率比全部市場的報酬率都還要高。因為,無法存活的市場,通常是出問題了。
在一次世界大戰前,俄羅斯、日本、德國、法國和阿根廷都有活絡的市場,但這些市場因大戰、共產制度、或是超級通膨(Hyperinflation),而趨於沒落。可以想見,涉足這些市場的投資人,報酬不會太好,而把全部家當放在這些市場中的投資人,他們的哭喊只能在遙遠的時光走廊裡迴響著。存活下來的市場,是現在投資人看得到的市場,所以投資人往往會高估了投資的報酬。
另一個問題是,這些數字尚未計入通膨,它只是名目報酬。假如你計入每年2%的通膨,那麼這些股票投資,每年只能讓你的資本增值約5到6%。
現在的投資世界有變得比較不一樣嗎?放眼未來30年,你可以寫下20%這個數字嗎?恐怕很難。
我知道你在想什麼。你想,這沒關係。我可以選到好股票,我可以在空頭時退出市場,我可以獲得比市場平均還要高的報酬。
你的確可以這麼想,試圖去這麼做,但成功的機會,微乎其微。
你除了可以看"適時進出的行與不行"與"投資人的遊戲"這兩篇文章,我再多提供一個例子,希望可以打消你這個念頭。
一般美國投資人的股市投資報酬率。在1986到2005年這20年間,未計通膨前,一般股票投資人(Average euiqty investor)得到了3.9%的年報酬率(橘黃色bar),而標普500指數的報酬率(灰色bar)是11.93%。
全球各地的主動投資人想的事情沒有因國籍不同而有差異,他們全都在想買進好股票,在下跌前出場,好好研究市場,替自己多賺一點錢。結果,想打敗市場,卻是被市場打敗,積極的進出,比不上單純的指數。這個結果,恐怕也不會因國籍的不同而有不同。這種投資界的現象可說得上是世界大同,到那裡都一樣。
有沒有人長期投資達到20%以上的報酬,有! 巴菲特。不過他不全然是個投資人,他其實有點像個企業家。而且放眼100年股市歷史,僅此一人。比每月開獎的大樂透得主人數還要少。
寄望自己成為下一個巴菲特,或是只比他”遜一點”,拿到每年20% 的報酬而投資致富,機會渺茫。
投資不能致富。"投資致富"和"世界和平"一樣是口號,不是事實。
投資只能讓你的資本,以緩慢的速度增值。所以諾貝爾經濟獎得主Paul Samuelson在1999年說道:
”我告訴人們,投資應該是無趣的,它不應該是刺激的。投資過程應該就像看漆變乾或草生長一樣。”
而我要說的灰色事實不僅於此,不只是股市長期報酬只是個位數。另一個灰色事實,由金融服務業所帶來。
假如我們對未來全球股市長期報酬的估計值是7.5%。我們來算算看投資人到底可以拿到多少。
首先,計入通貨膨脹,算1.5%好了,7.5扣掉1.5變6。(假如你比較保守,可以用2%或更高的數字)。沒有投資人拿得到6%的報酬,因為投資要成本。
假如你用基金投資,假設你買的每一筆股票型基金,都被收1.5%的手續費。這1.5%的手續費,要依你的投資時間長短來攤提,假如你投資20年,那麼1.5%分在20年當中,相當於每年損失0.075%的報酬率。那麼請把6再扣0.075%,剩5.925%。
成本不只這樣。股票型基金每年收1.5%經理費,5.925%減1.5%,剩4.425%。其它基金的運作成本,包括基金付給券商的手續費、基金買進賣出的市場衝擊損失,保守估計每年0.9%的成本。報酬率更進一步跌到3.525%。
光這些投資的成本,就可以把投資人的實質長期報酬從6%打到3.5%附近。
我們來做些運算。
下表是每月投資1000元,在3%、4%、5%、6%和7%的報酬率下,累積一段時間的報酬。
假如你用6%估算,你想要25年後退休,存到1000萬。我們看到6%,25年那一格是676289。將1000萬除以676289,等於14.78。所以每個月投資14780元,在6%的報酬率下,25年過後可以累積到1000萬。
假如你用3%估算,你想要25年後退休,存到1000萬。一樣的計算,得到每個月要投資22500元。報酬率從6%降到3%,每月投資金額要從14780拉高到22500,增加52%。
假如你用6%的報酬率估算,每月投資2萬元,看多久可以累積到1000萬。計算需21年又兩個月。假如你改用3%的報酬率估算,每月投資2萬元,看多久可以累積到1000萬。答案是27年又兩個月。
從6%到3%,一樣的投資目標,是每月投資金額52%的差別,是晚六年退休的差別。
所以金融界的收費,不僅讓達到相同目標的時間延長,讓必需投資金額變大,也讓同樣金額下可以過的退休生活品質變差。
所以,為什麼綠角那麼愛算成本,那麼斤斤計較1%、0.5%的差別,因為只要差一點點,就是晚幾年達成目標的差別,就是退休後可用金額的巨大差別。
因為,成本,真的很重要。
假如你無視於過去七八十年的歷史,直接用最近幾年的報酬率推估未來的報酬,那麼等著你的,一定是失望的心情。
假如你無視於金融界的收費,以為自己可以賺到100%的市場報酬,等著你的是延遲退休、更高的必需投資金額和更低品質的退休生活。
台灣金融界收費便宜嗎?
在基金方面,在還沒有免佣基金,也就是不用手續費的基金,和沒有年度總開銷0.5%以下、投資各種資產類別的指數基金出現前,都仍算貴。
我們看指數型基金投資人可以如何掌握到扣除通膨後的6%報酬。
首先,指數型基金是免佣基金,不用扣3%打某某折後的手續費。年管理費加上基金付給券商的手續費、市場衝擊等成本,大約是每年0.4%,讓投資人可以掌握到5.6%的報酬。這個數字,不論怎麼看都比3.5%好看多了。這兩個數字間的差別,相信之前的例子,已經解釋的夠清楚了。
服務本來就要收費。天經地義。就算是美國總統,他投資也要付出成本。但是,投資人付出的成本愈少,留在自己手上的愈多,他就可以愈早達成目標。對敵人仁慈,就是對自己殘忍。
金融服務業,是投資人的敵人也是朋友。朋友,因為透過它我們才有方便的投資管道。敵人,因為它把我們投資的成果,錢,從我們手中收走。
面對這個亦敵亦友的角色,投資人要做的是,找尋必較像朋友而比較不像敵人的金融服務,簡言之,收費低廉的服務。但這個最基本的要點,卻被許許多多投資人忽略了。
一個重要的原因,就是近年的高報酬。當每年報酬有二十幾趴,那百分之一到三的差別,是那麼的微不足道。更有許多金融產品銷售人員說,會賺錢的話,何必在意那一兩趴的手續費。格局要大,不要那麼小家子氣。不客氣的說,這是聽起來很對的蠢話。
一個成功的企業經營者,成本一定是他念茲在茲的事。因為他知道,付出的成本愈少,能賺的就愈多。假如你是Wal Mart的供貨商,你會知道Wal Mart的採購員,以殺價凶狠出名,讓你日子很不好過。成功的企業裡,一定有雙盯著成本的眼睛。
投資,也是一樣。你付出的成本愈低,留在自己手上的愈多,也就是賺愈多。沒有必要多付出1%、0.5%或是0.1%的投資成本。因為當你同意提高成本時,你也同意了延後退休、較低品質的退休生活和增加投資金額來達到相同的目標。
高成本會帶來什麼?
一個會告訴你如何適時進出的老師? Impossible。
一個逢年過節會送點小禮物的金融界朋友? Maybe。
較低的報酬率? Definitely!
身為投資人,不能有近視,只看過去幾年的報酬率,就以為一切都將如此美好。
大方,從來不是股市的個性。身為投資人,不能不注意成本。那些叫你不要在意幾趴費用的人,往往就是靠這些錢在過活的人。
心中有合理的報酬期望,眼睛盯著投資成本,長期下來,才最有可能成為成功的投資人。
「global market index台灣」的推薦目錄:
global market index台灣 在 日本自遊易 Facebook 八卦
先跟大家重溫一個傷心的消息,Rakuten Global Market已在昨天收歸日本樂天市場了!
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個人建議是一般物品的話,使用官方的Rakuten Global Express 便OK的了,但如果是大件貨品,如:家品、汽車用品那些,就可以先到不同的轉運公司格價一下。
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在日本樂天市場的購物流程基本上沒有太大分別,主要留意兩點:1)在選擇送貨地址時請務必選擇正確的轉運公司地址,2)是的,日本樂天市場只有日文,沒有中文及英文版。
日本樂天市場在FB專頁寫了一系列很詳細的使用流程,大家可以先參考看看:https://bit.ly/36PTFzq
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global market index台灣 在 貓的成長美股異想世界 Facebook 八卦
🌻另一個Zoom會議(第二次貼......有補上一些內容)
繼上次的年報導讀會議後, 讓我們再做另一個會議! 這次很榮幸邀請到一位對估值很有見解的股友前輩來帶大家了解估值(恩, 這次我會是主持人, 不是主講人).
主題: 估值(valuation)分享會(Cat: 這不算基礎的估值會議)
主講人: 小揚(from安泰價值投資)
https://www.facebook.com/antaiinvestment (此為小揚的粉絲頁)
參與者: 具基本估值能力. 若打算參加者, 請事先跟我(請私訊)提出一個關於估值的case study, 到時候可在會議中分享(最好是以投影片形式呈現, 這樣到時候好跟大家分享). 若有估值的問題, 也可以提出.
Case study可以是美股, 也可以是台股.
時間: 台灣時間07/10 (周六)晚間9點.
預計一個小時(不會像上次那樣冗長了😅): 前30分鐘由小揚做分享, 後30分鐘大家分享估值案例&提問
進行方式: 以Zoom進行(之後會私訊會議資訊給參與者)
🌻Morgan Stanley Mid-year Investor Outlook: A tricky transition
https://www.morganstanley.com/ideas/midyear-2021-global-markets-outlook
🌻在您投資生涯中, 有沒有一些觀念讓您受用很多?
下面這位投資名人的好觀念影響我很深. 他的意思是, 一般投資人, 只要能説出三個買一家公司的理由, 就很夠了. 這也迫使我, 每次在買股票時, 問自己對這家公司的了解有多少. 也會去衡量公司的優點與缺點在哪裡.
"It is vital (重要的) that you know what you own, that if I asked you on the street why you like a certain stock, you can give me three reasons. If you don't know how they make their money, who their key clients are and what they make if, then I will tell you that you are over your head and should not own individual stocks."
全文在此:
Jim Cramer: In Times Like This, Go for the Easy Money
Look at the stocks you own. Can you tell me why you've got them? If you can't answer the following three questions, then have a look at several I like right now.
We've endured the meme stock craziness, with all of its love for heavily shorted stocks. We have watched the collapse of bitcoin to levels viewed as shocking, even if they are still more than double where they were not that long ago. We've dealt with Fed officials making it clear that they are no longer on the side of the bulls or the bears. They are on the side of job growth, but are wary of inflation. We've seen the end of the rush to get vaccines, which means that millions of people are going to get the new COVID variant, because there is no natural immunity to it. We've watched as the hopes for an infrastructure bill have collapsed. We've endured shortages of everything from chips to plastic to imported goods and labor.
And we're still standing, yeah, yeah, yeah.
Yep, we are in one of those halcyon moments, where the masks are off -- even if they shouldn't be -- and Americans are back doing what they do best: consume, spend, go out to eat and then consume and spend some more.
There are times in the stock market where the collective mindset is revealed. This is one of those times: Things are cool, it's not a big moment, there's no real news for a bit, it's the historically strong period and we can reach some conclusions about where we are.
When things are like this, it is important to remember that buyers like to revert to tried-and-true companies that thrive no matter what. These are companies that have an edge and are better at what they do than other companies.
You know that I am a great believer in index funds, that the average person doesn't have the time or the inclination to research individual stocks. It's a difficult barrier. I think you need to make time to read the quarterly report and listen to the conference call, to Google articles and, if possible, get some research about the companies you own. It is vital that you know what you own, that if I asked you on the street why you like a certain stock, you can give me three reasons. If you don't know how they make their money, who their key clients are and what they make if, then I will tell you that you are over your head and should not own individual stocks. I am reminded by this, because, once again, without a mask, I can be recognized and if I am not holding "Nvidia the Second," I can carry on a conversation.
I have had many in the last two weeks and when I have asked this litany of questions, I find myself at a loss as to why almost no one knew what they owned. But they thirsted for individual stocks, because they, like me, think things are better post pandemic. No, that's not a facetious comment. Many, many stocks did better with a stay-at-home economy. A huge number.
So what do I do? I revert to what others do when you are stumped about how to stay in touch with stocks, but want to do less homework. That means buying stocks that are accessible, not stocks like Unity (U) or Snowflake (SNOW) or Twilio (TWLO) or Okta (OKTA) .
I revert to normal businesses people know and I suggest they Google some articles, peruse the conference call, but, above all, like the company's products so you can buy more if it goes down.
Here's some that I have been telling people I like:
First is Ford (F) . I think the Ford lineup is amazing. The electric F-150 series will be incredible. I am eager to get a Maverick for my family, because it is a smaller pickup that will get the job done for the myriad little things I need to do with this farm I bought from that crazy bitcoin foray. I like the competitive edge of the CEO, who says he is going to bury Elon Musk when the Lightning comes out. I even think the Bronco is cool as all get out. Most important, though? I think the chip shortage is ending. My semiconductor friends are telling me the foundries are producing more feature-rich chips and that means Ford can pump out the trucks small business people love and need. Plus, the used car prices at last have plateaued, according to their most important pricing index. Halcyon times.
Second, Costco (COST) : The samples are coming back. Tell me you don't love the samples. You need things in bulk. You want low prices. You want to get all of the things that people don't think of with Costco, like insurance, hearing-aids -- hey, they are a fortune -- jewelry, things around the house. You go and you will buy far more than you first came for. My kind of store.
The kids love this American Eagle Outfitters (AEO) , which we just bought for my charitable trust, which you can follow along by joining the Action Alerts PLUS club. Jay Schottenstein, the CEO, came on "Mad Money" recently and it's clear that his Aerie model has real staying power: 26 consecutive quarters of double digit growth. No flash in the pan, that one. Number one brand in jeans for the 15 to 25 year old group. The best in the mall. How did I know this? I see the credit card bills.
I got up this morning to do my physical therapy. I have been doing it ever since I hurt my back in February. I have this really cool pair of sneakers that fit me perfectly and I love them, but I am fortunate enough to have a vacation house and I am always taking those shoes with me.
So I went on Amazon (AMZN) this morning and lo and behold I saw them for half price. I bought two pairs. Then I went over everything I have bought in the last year and got a bunch of those things. Then I bought a pair of binoculars, because mine were stolen. I paid half price.
Yep, Amazon's universal. I was talking to Alexa, while I was ordering, getting some new music on, asking questions. I saw that despite all of the Sturm und Drang of Amazon being late with things, all the delivery dates were within range. I didn't click on any ads, and I didn't need the speed of Web Services, but the whole thing reminded me about how special the darned company is. I don't care if it's ahead or behind plan for the moment. I would just buy some more when it goes down.
Finally, Apple (AAPL) . I think people who don't own Apple should look what they are holding at this very moment. Yes, right now. Or look at what's in your lap or on the table besides your fork. And then think about the bill you paid last night without knowing it. Think about what you bought in the App store yesterday. Think about what would happen if it would break or get stolen or, left in the Uber (UBER) , or heaven forbid, be dropped into the pool or in the, yes, toilet.
There, that's what you buy in halcyon times. Stocks of companies you know that if they go lower, because things get less halcyon, you are fine with it and buy more. If things go up, believe me, you will participate.
So accept the moment. Don't try for the hard money. Go for the easy kind. That's the best kind.
https://realmoney.thestreet.com/jim-cramer/jim-cramer--15692051
Picture: 牡丹(peony)花開. 恨不得院子裡有一塊地是牡丹園.
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