最重要的是聆聽,
在開口前先想清楚自己想說什麼。
你應該創造出一個近乎靜心的狀態,保持祥和與寧靜。
在進入互動前,你可能需要做幾次深呼吸:
吸氣四拍,吐氣四拍。
你可以重複誦念一個讓內心安穩的詞語、
想像一個平靜的場景
(柔和的海浪、緩慢移動的雲,
或一片緩緩飄落的葉子),
或是運用口訣「EASE」(放鬆):
一、#探索(Explore)對方所說的話,不要妄自揣測:
你聽對了嗎?理解正確嗎?
在完全核實自己所聽到的內容前,
不要猜測別人的意思。
不要只是為了刷存在感或加入自己的觀點,
才一直把問題丟出來。
請使用像「關於○○,請多說一些」
或「可以解釋一下你剛剛說的○○是什麼意思嗎?」
或「能詳細描述一下○○嗎?」之類的問句。
另外,當對方解釋完畢後,
請了解他的感受和想法:
「那讓你感覺如何?」
或「那時候你在想什麼?」
二、#尋求建議(Advice):
尋求並仔細考慮他人的建議,
即使你最後未必會採納。
在某些情況下,
你可能認為對方與你截然不同,
所以他們不會知道該如何幫你,
也認為他們不可能提供任何建議。
我們經常看到這種狀況:
年輕人不聽長輩的話,長輩也不願意聽年輕人的話;
有時學生不聽老師的建議,有時老師不聽學生的意見。
在思考別人能教你什麼之前,
搶先提出自己的觀點是很常見的。
請試著在對話中多提問、多了解別人,
而不是只談論自己。
三、#放慢速度(Slow down):
留出空間。
對話時,要留下足夠的停頓和空間,
讓對方有機會發表更多言論,
而不是急著用自己的想法塞滿。
人們願意等待對方回答問題的時間,
通常只有五到七秒,然後就會插嘴。
請別這麼做,
你應該放慢速度,給對方足夠的思考餘地,
尤其是當問題很複雜或情緒很沉重的時候。
對於沉默,
身為傾聽者的你往往比對方更覺彆扭,
這很正常,但我們應該學著給對方更多空間。
說話時間應該少於二○%,
把其餘八○%的時間留給對方。
四、#檢驗(Examine):
說話之前,先檢驗一下自己腦中的想法。
思考速度最好慢一點,
仔細留意自己想說的話,接著再說出口,
而不是匆忙地發表評論、提問或陳述。
傾聽,思考,再開口,
請確保自己能按照這個順序進行。
這些小技巧都能幫助你接收、放鬆、平靜,
並把自我留在門外。
.
本文摘自《#信任溝通》
全球頂尖心理學家解讀人心的四種方法
作者:愛蜜麗.艾利森, 勞倫斯.艾利森
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
各位朋友好:
最近版面上的朋友,在留言裡,提到跟家人溝通遇到困難。
對我來說,不管是要開啟對話,或者在自己情緒過於激動,不適合表達的時候,進入傾聽模式,很能幫上忙。
深刻的對話,速度宜慢不宜快。太快,深層的情感難醞釀,有些話,對方也聽不進去,講不入心。
祝願您,能聽清楚想明白,然後再慢慢表達,這道理簡單,但實際執行常有困難!
.
在這篇文章下方留言會贈書,請記得分享此文章到個人臉書版面,並設成公開。出版社會以官方粉絲團抽三位留言分享並公開的朋友贈書、寄送(不包含國外地區),三天後由出版社在文章下方留言。
examine意思 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 八卦
[時事英文] 死亡率(mortality rate)*、壓平曲線(flattening the curve)、活動限制 (lockdown):如何理解這些術語?
Language goes beyond a sealed system governed by a rigid set of rules. To fully understand the meaning of a word, one must look further than connotation and denotation, and also take context into consideration. In this case, one needs to examine the social, political, economic, and even statistical contexts of the terms.
語言並非只是受嚴密規則所約束的封閉系統。為了充分理解一個單詞的意涵,我們不僅要瞭解其本義與引申義,同時還要考慮整個語境。在此一情況下,應要考察社會、政治、經濟甚至統計上的語境。
Does “confirmed cases,” for example, mean the same thing in every country before and during the coronavirus outbreak? What about “lockdowns”? Does it mean that the government is advising people to stay home or is someone nailing your door shut? Some food for thought when reading about the coronavirus outbreak.
例如,在冠狀病毒爆發前以及爆發期間,「確診病例」在各國是否具有相同的含義?那麼,封鎖呢?這是否意味著政府正建議人們留在家中,抑或有人正把你家大門釘上?以上是在閱讀疫情的相關資訊時所引人深思的一些事情。
*同學好心的補充說明:「mortality rate」通常指的是死亡率,而「fatality rate」則是(因罹患某疾病)致死率。兩者都是重要的死亡指標,但計算公式不相同。
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《紐約時報》報導:
Making sense of the coronavirus pandemic requires getting up to speed on semantics as much as epidemiology. Government officials and health care professionals toss off mentions of mortality rates, flattening the curve and lockdowns, assuming that we know what they mean. But the terms mean different things from country to country, state to state, even city to city and person to person. Officials use the same phrases about mass testing, caseloads and deaths to describe very different situations. That makes it hard to give clear answers to vital questions: How bad are things? Where are they headed?
1. make sense of… 理解……
2. get up to speed on 了解最新情況;跟上進度
3. toss off 輕而易舉地處理*
弄懂新型冠狀病毒大流行,既需要了解流行病學的最新情況,也需要在語義學上跟上形勢。「死亡率」、「壓平曲線」和「活動限制」等說法從政府官員和公共衛生專業人士的嘴裡脫口而出,他們假設大家都知道這些詞的意思。但對不同的國家、不同的州,甚至不同的城市和個人來說,這些術語有著不同的含義。 官員們使用「大規模檢測」、「病例數」和「死亡病例數」等相同的措辭,來描繪非常不同的情況。這令一些重要的問題難以得到明確的回答:情況有多糟糕?正在向什麼方向發展?
toss off: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/toss%20off
★★★★★★★★★★★★
People search for insight by comparing their countries to those that are further along in the epidemic. But if the terms are misleading or used in differing ways, the comparisons are flawed. Also, the statistics and vocabulary offer a false sense of precision while in reality, the information we have shows only a fraction of what’s going on. “The new cases or deaths each day are given as exact numbers, and we’re trained to take that at face value,” said Mark N. Lurie, an epidemiologist at Brown University’s School of Public Health. “But those are far from exact, they’re deeply flawed, and their meaning varies from place to place and from time period to time period.”
4. be further along in 在……上走得更深遠
5. at face value 根據外表;從表面上看
人們將自己的國家與那些經歷了疫情更多階段的國家進行比較,以求了解情況。但是,如果這些詞語使人產生誤解,或在使用方式上存在差異的話,這種比較就是錯誤的。此外,這些統計數據和詞彙給人以精準的假象,而現實是,我們所掌握的信息僅代表冰山一角。「每天的新增病例數或死亡人數都是以精準數字的形式通報的,我們被訓練成只看這些表面數字。」布朗大學公共衛生學院流行病學家馬克・盧裡說。「但這些數字遠非精準,而且有嚴重缺陷,它們的含義因不同的時間和地點而不同。」
★★★★★★★★★★★★
I. Confirmed Cases 確診病例
Countries vary wildly in testing for the virus and how they report the numbers, and experts say most infections are going undetected. So the publicized national tallies are rough, incomplete pictures that may not be all that comparable. And that’s if countries are forthcoming about their data.
6. vary wildly in 在……上有極大的差異*
7. publicize 公布;宣傳
8. national tallies 國家的統計數據
9. incomplete pictures 不完整的狀況
10. forthcoming 樂於幫助的
各國在病毒檢測以及通報數字的方式上有很大差異,而且專家們說,大多數感染都沒有被發現。因此,各國公布的只是粗略的數據,這些並不完整的描繪也許沒有多少可比性。這還是在假設各國願意提供數據的情況下。
wildly: https://bit.ly/2wkgPjo
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Officials in the United States say that China, which has reported more than 82,000 infections, has understated its epidemic. Until this week, the Chinese government excluded those patients who tested positive for the virus but had no symptoms. China also doesn’t say how many tests it has conducted, and doubts have been raised about whether it has tested extensively in Xinjiang, the province where it holds hundreds of thousands of Muslims in indoctrination camps. The Covid Tracking Project, run by The Atlantic, has tried to compile all the numbers in the United States and reports more than 1.2 million tests so far, over 3,600 per million people.
11. understate 未如實陳述;避重就輕地說
12. exclude 把……排除在外
13. indoctrination camps 再教育營
14. run by 由……經營
中國通報的累計確診病例超過8萬2千例,美國官員說,中國淡化了國內的疫情。直到本週前,中國政府一直把病毒檢測呈陽性但沒有癥狀的感染者不納入確診病例。中國也未公開接受檢測的人數,而且外界已對中國是否在新疆進行了大規模檢測表示懷疑,中國在那裡把數十萬穆斯林關進了拘禁營。《大西洋月刊》的新冠肺炎追蹤計劃試圖匯總美國的所有數據,它統計到的數字是,美國迄今為止進行了逾120萬例檢測,平均每百萬人超過3600例。
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II. Widespread Testing 大規模檢測
It matters not only how many people are tested, but also when, and who they are. Once again, countries differ, shaping what the numbers mean. A few countries, like South Korea, Australia and Singapore, got serious about mass testing early on. They used the information to do ambitious contact-tracing — finding and testing those who had recently been near infected people, even if they had no symptoms.
15. it matters 重要的是
16. not only……, but also…… 不僅……,而且……
17. get serious about 認真對待某事
18. early on 在早期
重要的不只是多少人做了檢測,檢測時間和檢測對象也很重要。各國在檢測時間和對象上也有不同,這讓數字的含義也有所不同。韓國、澳洲和新加坡等少數國家很早就開始認真地進行大規模檢測。他們利用這些信息嚴格追蹤接觸者,也就是找到並檢測那些親密接觸者,即使他們沒有癥狀。
⊹⊹⊹⊹⊹⊹⊹⊹⊹⊹⊹⊹⊹⊹⊹⊹⊹
But most nations with large numbers of cases have done less testing, waited longer to do it in bulk, and made little attempt at contact tracing. They find themselves playing catch-up with the virus, ramping up testing after their outbreaks had already mushroomed. They detect more cases, but by then it’s hard to tell how much of that growth is the expanding epidemic and how much is expanding surveillance. Unable to meet the demand, they often limit testing to the sickest patients and health workers.
19. in bulk 大量
20. make little attempt 幾乎未做嘗試
21. ramp up 增加*
22. mushroom (v.) 迅速增長;迅速發展*
23. meet the demand 滿足需求
24. limit……to 將……限制在……
但大多數存在大量確診病例的國家進行的檢測數量都比較少,都是等了更長時間後才開始進行大規模檢測,而且對追蹤接觸者的工作幾乎未做嘗試。這些國家發現自己在拚命追趕病毒的傳播,在疫情迅速蔓延後才加大了檢測力度。這些國家都檢測到了更多的病例,但此時已很難判斷新增病例中有多少是疫情不斷擴大的結果,有多少是擴大疫情監測的結果。由於無法滿足檢測需求,這些國家通常只能對病情最嚴重的患者以及衛生工作者做檢測。
ramp up: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ramp-up
mushroom: https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/mushroom
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III. Fatality Rates 致死率
It has been stated time and again: Italy and Spain have high mortality rates among coronavirus patients, Germany’s is low, and China’s is somewhere between. It may not be that simple. Counting the dead is as flawed and inconsistent as counting the infected. Recent reports say that mortuaries in Wuhan, China, where the disease was first discovered, have ordered thousands more urns than usual, suggesting a much higher death toll than the city’s official count, 2,535. The outbreaks in Wuhan, and parts of Italy and Spain, overwhelmed hospitals, forcing many sick people to ride it out at home. No one knows how many people have recovered or died without ever being tested. And if only the sickest patients are tested, then the number of infections will appear smaller and the percentage who die will seem higher.
25. time and again 屢次;一再
26. as flawed and inconsistent as 像……一樣存在缺陷與不一致
27. mortuary 停屍間(太平間)
28. urn 骨灰罈
29. suggest 暗示*
30. death toll 死亡人數
31. to ride it out 安然渡過(難關)*
一個反覆提及的說法是:義大利和西班牙的新冠病毒肺炎患者死亡率高,德國的低,中國的居中。情況也許並不那麼簡單。統計死亡人數和統計感染人數一樣存在缺陷和不一致的地方。最近有報導稱,武漢的殯儀館訂購的骨灰盒數比該市官方統計的2535例死亡高出好幾千,表明死亡人數遠高於官方公布的數字。新冠病毒最早就是在這座城市發現的。武漢以及義大利和西班牙部分地區的疫情使醫院不堪重負,許多患者被迫在家中渡過難關。沒人知道究竟有多少人在從未做檢測的情況下康復或死亡。如果只對病情最嚴重的患者做檢測的話,感染人數看上去會更低,而死亡率看起來將更高。
suggest: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/suggest
ride sth out: https://bit.ly/2Rd6Tj6
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IV. The Peak 疫情高峰
Officials often talk about when the epidemic peaks or plateaus — when a country “flattens the curve.” But they rarely specify, the peak of what? And how can we be sure we’re past it? When an outbreak is growing unchecked, more people become infected and more die each day than the day before. On a graph, the curve showing the daily count of new cases has gone from rising sharply to moving sideways — the curve has flattened — and even begun to move downward. That is one corner being turned: The rate of the spread of the virus has slowed down. It takes longer to turn another: the rate of people dying.
32. from rising sharply to moving sideways 從急劇上升到橫向移動
33. turn the corner 好轉;度過難關*
官員們經常提疫情何時達到高峰或進入平台期,也就是一個國家「壓平曲線」的時候。但他們很少具體說明是什麼達到了高峰,以及我們怎麼能確定高峰已過?當疫情不受控制地發展時,每天的感染和死亡人數都比前一天多。曲線圖上顯示的每天新增病例數從急劇上升變得趨於平緩——曲線已被壓平——甚至開始下降。這是一個轉折點:病毒的傳播速度已經放緩。度過死亡人數的轉折點則需要更長的時間。
turn the corner: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/turn%20the%20corner
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But even when those curves flatten, the epidemic still has not “peaked” by another crucial measure: the number of active cases. That figure continues to rise until the number of patients who either die or recover each day is larger than the number of new infections. To ease the staggering load on health care systems, the active cases curve must also flatten and then fall.
34. peak (v.) 使……達到頂峰
35. either……or…… 不是……就是……
36. staggering 沉重的;巨大的
但是,即使這些曲線已趨於平緩,疫情的另一個重要衡量指標——現存確診病例數——仍未達到「峰值」。在每天的死亡或康復患者人數超過新增感染人數之前,這個數字還將繼續上升。為緩解衛生系統的沉重負擔,現存確診病例數的曲線也必須先趨平,然後下降。
peak: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/peak_2
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V. Lockdowns 封鎖(活動限制)
More than two billion people, including most Americans, are living under something usually called a lockdown. But there is no set definition of that word — or related terms like stay-at-home mandates and social distancing — so the details differ from place to place. The biggest differences may be in enforcement. Some places, like those in the United States with lockdowns, mostly rely on people to follow the rules without coercion. But Italy and others have deployed soldiers to ensure compliance, and French police have fined hundreds of thousands of people for violating restrictions. China, in addition to using security forces, mobilized an army of volunteers, ratcheting up social pressure to obey.
37. set definition 固定的定義
38. enforcement 實施;執行
39. rely on 仰賴;依靠
40. deploy 部署
41. compliance 服從
42. fine 處……以罰款(或罰金)
43. in addition to 除了……之外
44. mobilize 動員
45. ratchet sth up/down 逐步增加/減少
全球有20多億人,包括大多數美國人正生活在一般被稱為「活動限制」的狀態下。但這個詞沒有固定的定義,其他的相關說法,比如政府的「待在家裡」和「保持社交距離」令也沒有明確的定義,所以各地的具體做法也不一樣。最大的不同可能在執行方面。有些地方,比如美國有限制令的地方,主要依靠人們自覺遵守,而非強制。但義大利等國為確保限制令的落實而動用了軍隊,法國警方還對數已十萬計的違反禁令者處以罰款。中國除了使用安全部隊外,還動員了一支志願者大軍來加大服從封鎖隔離措施的社會壓力。
⊹⊹⊹⊹⊹⊹⊹⊹⊹⊹⊹⊹⊹⊹⊹⊹⊹
Italy’s experience shows the looseness of the term. It has gone through several phases of restrictions, applying them to more people, making them stricter and increasing enforcement. A few weeks ago, a person could travel around Italy for a valid work or family reason. Now, people are fined for nonessential walking too far from their homes. But each stage was widely called by the same name: lockdown.
46. looseness 鬆散
47. valid 確鑿的;合理的;有根據的;讓人信服的
義大利的經歷表明了這個詞語解釋上的自由。義大利的封鎖令經歷了幾個階段,適用範圍擴大到越來越多的人,封鎖及其執行也變得越來越嚴格。幾週前,人們還可以因為正當的工作或家庭原因在義大利旅行。現在,人們會因不必要的離家太遠的走動而被罰款。但禁令的每個階段用的都是同一個泛泛的名稱:活動限制。
《紐約時報》完整報導:https://nyti.ms/2XcCUeT
圖片出處:https://fxn.ws/34gwSeH
★★★★★★★★★★★★
時事英文大全:http://bit.ly/2WtAqop
如何使用「時事英文」:https://bit.ly/3a9rr38
#疫情英文
examine意思 在 渾水財經Channel Facebook 八卦
“Evil comes from a failure to think. It defies thought for as soon as thought tries to engage itself with evil and examine the premises and principles from which it originates, it is frustrated because it finds nothing there. That is the banality of evil.”
Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil
為何我說林鄭像東條英機呢?
如果你有看銀英傳,應該記得裡面有個馬鈴薯軍官,叫作「德森上將」,他的特色平庸,固執,挑剔,會被稱為馬鈴署軍官是因為他會去親自翻垃圾桶,去檢查有沒有浪費食物。然後大肆鞭撻浪費食物的士兵。
這個角色的藍本,其實就是東條英機,東條英機就正正是一個會翻垃圾桶去找出誰浪費食物的軍官。
而他的特色是「平庸」,他出身好,讀書成績好,是日本人所稱為的「秀才」,很早就進入了軍隊體制,仕途順利,無風無險也沒有戰功。就是一個很硬淨的官僚,就這樣,陰差陽錯的成為了最高指揮官,然後在戰爭(就像現在的抗疫吧)中權力擴大到可以支配整個日本。
但是他本人是個甚麼人呢?就是一個平庸,欠缺個人意見,只是不斷瑞摩上意再執行的人,一隻天生的狗,他感到天皇好像想要打仗,便自己用自己猜度,理解,用粗糙的手段執行了一切。他行為的方式就是力排眾議,一意孤行,除了他猜想的主子意思外,其他人的意見他一概不聽,在他眼中這一切牌是盡忠屠守,當官就是要清清白白一心不亂的盡力執行好主子的任務。
這也是日後被視為戰犯的原因,這種人先天就是帝國的理想下屬:他們會想像上意然後擴大執行,成功歸功於主子,失敗就是自己的錯自己當 condom。有這種人帝國可以不斷施行暴政,而皇上永遠是對的。
東條英機自然就 condomize,但那已是日本人吃了兩個原子彈之後的事情。
然後你怪罪他也沒有用,他生出來就是個 condom,死的一天也覺得很光榮,你殺他全家也沒有用,他根本不會後悔也沒有感動。所有人受罪了,但沒有人能報仇。
被稱為天才但被帝國冷落的石原莞爾被問過,你是否跟東條英機不合?他答的是,當然不可能,這個人根本沒有個人的見解,你要怎樣跟他不合呢?
東條英機這種人的殘暴在於平庸,沒自己見解,他們只是在返工,但認為返工大晒的他們行為自然強硬,橫蠻,只要盡忠職守越嚴刻就越正確,法律與制度與權力無限放大。因為返工所以有正當性,因為有正當性所以就不需要人性和彈性。
他們也會把很小的事情,放到很大,很重要的事情,則只有固執,他們的良心永遠過得好,甚至覺得自己是悲壯的犧牲者,這種像狗一樣的官僚,在盛世中大量生產,因為聽話而士途暢旺,去到亂世就是最大的問題。
可是東條英機之所以上位,是因為社會欣賞這種人,林鄭也是一樣。
examine意思 在 inspect 跟examine - 考試板 | Dcard 的八卦
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