【DSE特輯】腸胃激綜合症:便秘?腹瀉?還是……?
*DSE考生加油!*
〈點解臨考試先黎肚痛?〉
好!開始前,不知道各位看倌有沒有聽過這些故事:
每逢考試,尤其是公開試,總有一些考生剛剛前腳踏進考場,開考後後腳便會突然按著肚子、嚷著肚痛,然後衝向洗手間……
出貓……?
嗱!基於「疑點利益歸於被告」,無憑無據,自然不能憑空污人清白。
好!說回正題:
假設不是出貓,各位看倌便可能會感到好奇怪:
「一個人無端端為什麼會這樣呢?」
哦,其實這有可能是腸胃激綜合症(Irritable Bowel Syndrome, IBS)。
所謂「腸胃激綜合症」,簡單說,是腸功能紊亂所產生的一連串症狀,主要是便秘、腹瀉(兩者同時可能交替出現)、腹痛、腹脹。
雖然暫時還是不太清楚成因,不過一些心理因素往往可能會加劇腸胃激綜合症的症狀,例如壓力、焦慮、抑鬱。
所以治身重要,治心更加重要。在相當程度上,一種藥有沒有效往往取決於安慰劑效應(Placebo Effect)。[1]
所謂「安慰劑效應」,直接一點說,便是「心理作用」。
因為暫時還是不太清楚成因,所以用藥一般主要是「頭痛醫頭,腳痛醫腳」KO相關症狀,例如便秘、腹瀉、腹痛、腹脹,希望能夠減少腸胃激綜合症所帶來的不便。
就算一時三刻治不了本,總要治標吧?
至於常用藥一般主要有以下三類:
一、解痙劑(Antispasmodic),例如Alverine、Hyoscine Butylbromide、Mebeverine
第一,Alverine是一種非抗毒蕈解痙劑(Non-antimuscarinic Antispasmodics),能夠直接放鬆腸道的平滑肌(Smooth Muscle)KO肚痛(Abdominal Pain)、腸抽搐(Intestinal Spasm)。
不過在藥效上,一般相信Alverine跟安慰劑沒有明顯差異。[2]
至於副作用一般主要是頭痛、眩暈、痕癢、皮疹(Skin Rash)。
第二,Hyoscine Butylbromide是一種抗毒蕈鹼解痙劑(Antimuscarinic Antispasmodic)。
在化學上,Hyoscine Butylbromide還是一種季銨化合物(Quaternary Ammonium Compound),帶正電荷,能夠增加藥物的親水性,減少藥物的親脂性,所以便會大大減少藥物在腸胃的吸收,從而能夠直接在腸道內放鬆腸道的平滑肌KO肚痛、腸抽搐。
在副作用上,因為Hyoscine Butylbromide擁有較大的親水性,較難穿透血腦障壁(Blood-brain Barrier),較難影響中樞神經系統產生抗膽鹼(Antichlorinergic)的效果,所以副作用一般不大。
不過Hyoscine Butylbromide偶爾還是可能會出現視力模糊、小便困難、嗜睡這些副作用,所以未必適合青光眼人士、前列腺肥大人士、長者服用。
第三,Mebeverine是一種向肌性解痙劑(Musculotropic Antispasmodic),宣稱能夠直接放鬆腸道的平滑肌而不會影響腸道正常的蠕動功能KO肚痛、腸抽搐。
不過在藥效上,一般相信Mebeverine跟安慰劑沒有明顯差異。[3]
在副作用上,跟Alverine一樣,Mebeverine沒有抗膽鹼的效果,所以副作用一般不大。
值得一提,因為這些解痙劑還可能會放鬆連接食道、胃部的食道下端括约肌(Lower Oesophageal Sphincter, LOS),從而未必能夠緊緊關閉胃部的入口而可能會惡化胃液倒流(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, GERD)的症狀。
二、容積性瀉劑(Bulk-forming Laxative),例如卵葉車前果殼(Ispaghula)
卵葉車前果殼蘊含豐富的植物纖維,能夠提供水溶性纖維增加大便的體積,刺激腸道蠕動,促進排便KO便秘。
除此之外,卵葉車前果殼還蘊含黏膠(Mucilloid),能夠吸收腸腔內的水分,然後膨脹,進而形成一層凝膠,讓水狀的大便呈固體狀,從而能夠KO腹瀉。
因為卵葉車前果殼同時能夠KO便秘、腹瀉,所以較適合用於腸胃激綜合症這種「既有便秘,又有腹瀉」的病症。
在用法上,一般建議多喝水,讓卵葉車前果殼能夠吸收足夠的水分,膨脹到足夠的體積,從而達到理想的效果。
值得一提,一般建議水溶性纖維,因為非水溶性纖維,例如麩皮(Bran),反而可能會惡化腸胃激綜合症的症狀。[4]
三、止瀉藥,例如Loperamide
在藥理上,Loperamide是一種抗蠕動劑(Antimotility Agent),顧名思義,主要在減慢腸道蠕動,目的在爭取時間,增加水分、電解質在腸道內的吸收,減少大便的水分,改善腹瀉,較適用於偶爾短暫緩解因為腹瀉所引起的不便。
值得一提,Loperamide只能減少腹瀉的次數,並不能紓緩腸胃激綜合症的其他症狀,例如腹痛、腹脹。
至於Loperamide是一種鴉片類藥物(Opioid),不過擁有很大的首渡效應(First Pass Effect),所謂「首渡效應」,是指口服藥物經過消化道吸收後,首先便會透過肝臟的靜脈,途經肝臟,部分藥物便可能會被肝酵素代謝失活,自然便會減少藥物進入血液循環,從而減少藥量,減少藥效。
所以藥物較少會進入體循環,從而較少會影響中樞神經系統,產生這類鴉片類藥物的副作用,例如成癮性。
這就是說,在正常劑量下,副作用一般不大。
💊💊💊💊💊💊💊
BLOG➡️http://pegashadraymak.blogspot.com/
IG➡️https://www.instagram.com/pegashadraymak/
YT➡️https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQOMojMd6q7XnESMWwldPhQ
📕📕📕📕📕📕📕
著作➡️藥事知多D、用藥知多D、藥房事件簿、家居用藥攻略(各大書店有售)
Reference:
1. Fennerty MB. Traditional therapies for irritable bowel syndrome: an evidence-based appraisal. Rev Gastroenterol Disord. 2003;3(Supp2):S18-S24.
2. Mitchell SA, Mee AS, Smith GD, et al. Alverine citrate fails to relieve the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: results of a double-blind,randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16:1187-1195.
3. Kruis W, Weinzierl M, Schussler P, Holl J. Comparison of the therapeutic effect of wheat bran, mebeverine and placebo in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Digestion. 1986;34:196-201.
4. Alison Blenkinsopp, Paul Paxton, John Blenkinsopp. Symptoms in the Pharmacy: a guide to the management of common illness. Wiley-Blackwell 5th ed. 2006:122-129.
同時也有10000部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過62萬的網紅Bryan Wee,也在其Youtube影片中提到,...
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with reference to用法 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 八卦
[詞彙區別] constitute, compose, consist of, comprise, account for, make up 的區別
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詞彙區別: http://wp.me/p44l9b-16B
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在寫作的時候,有些同學為了避免重複使用相同的詞彙,卻選用了意義上不盡相同的詞,而無法精確地表達出自己所想傳達的想法。這問題很可能來自於考生平時在語言學習上過於依賴中英翻譯,因此在不夠了解某些詞彙精準的用法的情況下,很容易造成讀者的誤解。
為了幫助同學增加詞彙量並且精確地在口說和寫作上使用這些字,我建議同學們不要一開始的時候就死記硬背一群同義詞彙 (e.g. decline, decrease, diminish, dwindle, reduce, alleviate) 。雖然如此做會快速幫同學累積對這些詞的認知,可是認知都會停留在模糊階段。建議同學先熟悉其中一兩個單詞以後在開始累積相關的同義詞彙,也應該用搭配詞跟片語加上完整的例句和短文來輔助自己對單詞的理解。同時同學們也應該在使用這些單詞之前先查查字典,更進一步了解這些詞彙的使用方式。
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1. constitute: to constitute something is to form a whole, especially of dissimilar components: Love and hate can constitute a balanced relationship.
constitute 所“構成”的事物在屬性和特徵上,亦或在組織上,與組成成分是一致的。
-Seven days constitutes a week (七天構成一個星期。).
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2. Compose: to compose means the same as to constitute, but implies that the components have something in common: Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
在表示“由……材料構成”時,見於被動語態;在用於主動語態時,一般它所表示的“構成”或“組成”總包含著融合為一,而且主語或者是複數名詞或者是集體名詞。
-Concrete is composed of cement, sand and gravel mixed with water. (混凝土由水泥、砂、石子與水摻和而構成。 )
-Mere facts, when badly stated, do not compose a good book. (僅僅有資料,如果陳述得很糟糕,並不能組成一本好書)
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3. account for: 說明(原因、理由等); 導致,引起; (在數量、比例上); 占 (e.g. This group accounted for 60% of the population.)
(在數量、比例上)占
These products, in total, account for about 80% of all our sales (這些產品總共約占我們全部銷售額的80%。).
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4. make up: 組成 to combine together to form something [= constitute]:
-Women make up only a small proportion of the prison population. 女人只佔監獄人口的一小部分。
-The committee is made up of representatives from every state (委員會由每個州的代表組成的。).
-Children makes up only 10% of the population (兒童只佔人口的10%。).
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5. consist of: to consist of something is to be made up of it: A lethal dose of nerve agent VX consists of only 10 milligrams.
consist of 的含義與被動語態的 compose 相同
-Though the costume consists only of a sheet, it was very effective. (雖然那件化裝服裝僅由一條床單組成,但效果很好。)
-This group consists of men, women, and children.
(這個小組由男人,女人和孩子們組成的。).
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6. comprise: to comprise something has the same meaning as to consist, often implying that the whole is regarded from the point of view of its individual parts: The chain is comprised of many links, and is only as strong as its weakest.
comprise 在表示“構成”時,其內涵是“包括”或“覆蓋”*
-The committee comprises men of widely different views (這個委員會由見解甚為懸殊的人組成。).
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從這些動詞的意思來看,若要表示數個個體或項目組成一個整體時,我們可用 compose 或 constitute。
England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland compose/constitute the United Kingdom.
(英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭組成了聯合王國。)
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若要表示一個整體是由個數個體或項目所組成時,我們可用 comprise* 或 consist of / be composed of 。
(compose 經常用於被動態,而以 be composed of 的型式出現,意思和用法跟 consist of 完全一樣。)
-The United Kingdom comprises*/consists of/is composed of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.
(聯合王國是由英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭所構成)
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詳細的說明: http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html
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*在這幾個字當中,僅 comprise 兼具其他字的意思,但它也是最麻煩、最讓人困擾的字。英語 評論人士強烈反對 comprise 被用作 constitute 的意思以及 comprise 以被動態形式 be comprised of 來表示 consist of 的意思,所以對於 Fifty states comprise the United States. (五十個州組成了美國) 和 The United States is comprised of fifty states. (美國是由五十個州所組成) 這樣的句子結構,他們期期以為不可,而堅持只有 The United States comprises fifty states. 才是唯一正確的用法。但他們反對的這兩種用法其實早已是不 折不扣的標準英語,一些新版的字典甚至將 be comprised of 堂而皇之地列為片語,如 The course is comprised of ten core modules. (這門課是由 10 個核心單元組成)。然而,在公說公有理,婆說婆有理,各有堅持的情況下,在此建議:若使用 comprise 會讓你覺得心虛或沒把握,那麼不妨使用它的同義詞,也就是沒有爭議的 constitute, consist of 或 be composed of 來代替之。
*An interesting history of sense development concerning the word comprise has caused confusion, if not hate for the word itself. The most common mistake is confusing consist and comprise with each other. To say A lethal dose of nerve agent VX comprises of only 10 milligrams, is wrong because it is not analyzed from each separate component or milligram, but rather as a whole dose. In fact, there is a lot of skepticism and criticism of the word “comprise” all together. “None of the many neat schemes purporting to describe its correct use seems accurately to describe the way Standard English users actually employ comprise.” (Bartleby) Thus it is suggested to use constitute and/or compose as active verbs, while consists and/or includes as passive. However, if your use of the word can clearly indicate its context, separate from the its other accepted use, choosing a substitute is not necessary.
Also, ”Comprises” is "better" grammar than ”is comprised of.” “The whole comprises multiple parts” is better than, “The whole is comprised of multiple parts.” Even better though is, “Multiple parts comprise the whole."
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Sources:
http://www.bartleby.com/68/3/1403.html
http://bulo.hjenglish.com/question/33021/
http://blog.cybertranslator.idv.tw/archives/2590
http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/dictionaries/english/data/d0081813.html
http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html
http://everything2.com/title/consist%252C+comprise%252C+constitute%252C+or+compose
More sentences:
-The pie chart consists of/comprises of the percentages of four different fuel sources used in electricity production.
-Electricity (that is) produced with coal composed/constituted/accounted for 50% of the total electricity (that is)produced.
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contain vs. include:
Contain: Something is considered to be within something else.
The toy contains many small moving parts. ->The small moving parts are a part of the toy.
Include: Something is added to something else, possibly containing it, possibly not.
-This toy includes batteries. -> The batteries are not a part of the toy. They just come with the toy.
with reference to用法 在 Alexander Wang 王梓沅英文 Facebook 八卦
有關於, 涉及: in regard to? in regards to?
英文裡有非常多的片語可以用來表達 "有關於"
其中要特別強調的是 in regards to 是特別常見的錯誤英文
regard 不應該加 s
以下列出幾個常用用法 讓大家參考
(1) pertain to
例) His remark did not seem to pertain to the issue.
例) We are only interested in proposals that pertain to glocal issues.
(glocal = global + local, 譯為全球在地化的)
Note: pertain to 中間可以夾副詞, 像是 pertain particularly to...
(2) With respect to
例) Some innovative financing models are emerging, however, particularly with respect to smartening up buildings.
例) In addition to concerns with respect to the issue of government interference in the work of the ECCC, there have also been concerns raised with respect to other aspects of the Court's work.
(3) In regard to, With regard to
例) We will consult closely in regard to actions in exchange markets and will cooperate as appropriate.
例) With regard to insurance, we will cover for 110% of the invoice value.
(4) With reference to
例) The research will focus on sustainable human development and resource use, with particular reference to areas such as poverty reduction and the Millennium Development Goals, renewable energy, disaster preparedness.
--> 超典型用法 "with ADJ. reference to..."
例) I have nothing to say with reference to this question.
(5) Concerning, Regarding
例) I had nothing to say regarding this matter.
例) For more information concerning the club, contact Mrs. Cook.
(6) As to, As for
Note: as to 後面很常直接接 as to whether or not....
例) The villagers do not agree as to whether the ghosts exist, but it seems unlikely that the village should get its reputation for no reason at all.
例) As for the 25 million dollar bounty, I don't have any trouble with that.
(常放句首)
最後幾個常放句中的 be related to, be associated with, in relation to, in association with 大家也要會用喔
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with reference to用法 在 for your reference例句在PTT/Dcard完整相關資訊 - 動漫二維世界 的八卦
解釋for your reference的中文翻譯,for your reference的發音,音標,用法和例句等。 for your reference意思-2021-02-22 | 星星公主4 天前· 小編整理10 大商用英文縮寫及 ... ... <看更多>
with reference to用法 在 for your reference例句在PTT/Dcard完整相關資訊 - 動漫二維世界 的八卦
解釋for your reference的中文翻譯,for your reference的發音,音標,用法和例句等。 for your reference意思-2021-02-22 | 星星公主4 天前· 小編整理10 大商用英文縮寫及 ... ... <看更多>
with reference to用法 在 [文法] 用法指南中的「in/with reference to」 - 看板Eng-Class 的八卦
大家好,請教一下。
在Longman Dictionary of Common Errors中,看到這樣的說明:
reference
×: In reference to your letter of 6th September, I am pleased to confirm
that the books have now arrived.
√: With reference to your letter of 6th September, I am pleased to confirm
that the books have now arrived.
‧ ‧ ‧
with reference to sth (NOT in ): 'With reference to your recent article in
"Amateur Gardening", there are one or two questions that I would like to ask.'
附圖
然而,在牛津及朗文詞典卻都有看到"in/with reference to"的寫法。
因此不知該如何解讀?
難道是原本只有"with reference to",後來才加上"in"的用法?
謝謝!
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※ 編輯: scju (114.32.32.215), 03/17/2017 23:10:50
※ 編輯: scju (36.225.51.11), 03/18/2017 10:44:06
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