#科基百科 最近在新聞上常常聽到所謂的「Ct 值」,像是 Ct 值 27、Ct 值 35......
究竟 Ct 值是什麼東西,跟陰性陽性又有何關係呢?
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想要解答這個問題,就得回到最源頭開始了解:我們究竟是如何篩檢新冠肺炎病毒的?
由於新冠肺炎病毒的基因非常小,我們需要用 qRT-PCR 技術來複製病毒,PCR 就像個聚寶盆一樣,透過短時間升溫、降溫的循環,大量複製、放大基因以便觀察。
而在這個過程中,循環的次數便是「Ct值」(cycle threshold value),像是上面提到的 Ct 值 35 就表示:檢體的病毒基因經過了 35 次循環才被識別出來。
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聽起來還是有點兒難?沒問題,讓我們再舉個例子。
假設你今天要成為億萬富翁,但戶頭裡只有一百塊,那得翻倍好幾次才能達成目標,但如果戶頭裡有一百萬塊,需要翻倍的次數就少多啦!(但是我沒有嗚嗚
回到病毒檢測,如果樣本中的病毒含量很高,那需要複製的次數就少、Ct 值較低;病毒含量低,需要複製的次數就高、Ct 值也高。
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好了我懂了,但這跟陰性陽性又有何關係?
Ct 值究竟要是多少才算「陽性」,其實是人為決定的。
假設我們設定在 35,那如果循環到第 38 次(Ct 值38)才有訊號,我們便會將他視為陰性。
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那我就將 Ct 值設得超高,是不是就會很安全?
恩......不全是。如果把 Ct 值設得高,那漏網之魚就會變少,但偽陽性也會增加;相反,如果Ct 值設得低,偽陰性就會變多。
像是美國、日本等許多國家,通常將 Ct 值標準設定在 40,也就是循環 40 次而後能偵測到訊號,便視為陽性。
在這種標準下,病毒量極低仍會被辨識為陽性,甚至根本沒有病毒的檢測者,被誤判偽陽性的機率也會比較高。
台灣目前的標準則是設在 35,並配合多次檢驗喔。
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文末小測驗時間:依照上文的敘述,請問 Ct 值 27 跟 Ct 值 35,誰擁有的病毒量比較多呢?
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正確用法:將 Ct 值當作參考指標,多次檢驗。
錯誤用法:用 Ct 值決勝負,一測定生死!
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延伸閱讀:
COVID-19篩檢:陽性、陰性,還有CT值高低
https://pansci.asia/archives/197883
篩檢結果「弱陽性」是什麼意思?核酸檢測中的 Ct 值又是什麼?——《科學月刊》
https://pansci.asia/archives/190189
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threshold value 在 漂浪島嶼--munch Facebook 八卦
恭禧綠黨,突破缺口。
綠黨不會也不該取代第三勢力,綠黨可以為多元的第三勢力,展示新時代的參政風貌。
大勢已至,再創高峰吧。
【綠黨選後聲明】
感謝今天台灣所有投票給綠黨的選民,謝謝你們挺好的人選、挺好的政黨,你們是台灣新政治的開拓者,你們就是台灣社會「挺好的」選民!今天是綠黨繼 1996 年後,十八年來首次有候選人當選的關鍵時刻,對開創新政治的意義非凡!
綠黨在本次九合一選舉中有桃園(中壢)王浩宇、新竹縣(竹東、五峰)周江杰,兩位地方縣市議員候選人當選。
綠黨是全世界的環境政黨,我們用在地的行動,連結全球 91 個綠黨共同的進步價值。多年來,即便綠黨屢敗屢戰,卻依然不斷有人前仆後繼的加入,試圖透過參選行動、經營綠黨,來改變台灣既有的政治結構與核心價值。這些夥伴不斷地在面對各種現實與困境、理想和爭取選票的權衡中奮鬥堅持,期許綠黨能在台灣政治中能扮演關鍵少數,成為連結社會運動的參政平台。
2012 年立委選舉,綠黨拿到將近 23 萬張全國政黨票,雖低於 5% 未獲得國會席次,但已成為台灣第五大政黨。我們認為,台灣社會需要一個療癒式的政黨,需要好的政治來修復我們的土地環境、社會正義與民主制度所受的傷。做為一個負責任的世代,我們要將政治、政黨與人民之間復原成正常的關係,才能共同面對台灣的發展。
2013 年開始,我們持續檢討過去綠黨內部的組織問題,以「扎根」作為改革與經營的方向。這次地方縣市選舉,越來越多長期在地方耕耘環境、地方政治議題的人才,或願意投身政治改革的優秀青年加入綠黨,成為了我們的候選人與團隊夥伴,更進一步邀請台灣各領域的社運團體,一起思考台灣的重大問題、發展方向,以及新的政治、好的政黨該如何實踐。
綠黨的候選人都是過著一般生活的普通人,都是家鄉子弟回家耕耘。他們不是政治世家、不是政商名流,他們以相對非常少的經費,不斷地在選區內進行各種議題的倡議。他們用小額募款來籌措經費、連結地方與社運團體研擬政策,他們以滿滿的勇氣與對家鄉的熱情,每天站在街頭演講、騎三輪車,或多年經營網路社群等方式,來取代滿街的大型看板與旗海。
支撐這些人站出來的動力,正是因為我們想要證明,台灣人民是願意選擇理念的候選人,台灣社會是願意屏棄鋪張浪費、喧嘩吵鬧、政策買票的選舉方式。我們想要證明,台灣的政治是可以包含多元的價值,讓拼經濟、浮濫開發建設以外的發展方式進入議會辯論。
今年在地方議會的選舉結果,顯示我們要能在打破握有大黨資源、媒體關注與家族勢力的既有結構,依然非常艱難。我們想請所有台灣選民一起思考,究竟我們該如何集結更多改變的力量,突破地方政治的家族派系與財團金權?一波波大型的社會運動、人民覺醒後,回到台灣各地該如何真正打破兩黨壟斷、讓進步的理念進入地方議會監督市政?
今天過後,綠黨將儘速整理本次選舉的報告,並開始協助當選的議員王浩宇、周江杰籌組議會的團隊。綠黨將用更加倍認真的態度,學習以一個國際的政黨、創新的政治,在地方市政中實踐「全球綠色政治」的理念。我們也會嚴守競選期間綠黨對選民與公民團體的承諾、政治代理人公約的監督精神,公開透明所有問政的紀錄與報告。未來四年,綠黨的議員將會是公民社會的窗口,將社會的力量帶進桃園市、新竹縣議會,對所有選民負責。
面對落選的選區,我們將虛心的檢討,未來更認真努力。即使綠黨缺乏人力與財力,無法提供候選人更好的基礎,但綠黨的候選人依然展現了無比的熱誠與堅定的信念,盡力一搏。感謝各地堅持相信並願意給綠黨機會的選民,也懇請社會各界鼓勵這些候選人、團隊幹部與所有志工,相信他們持續在地方扎根、繼續為開創新政治努力的熱情與動力。
今晚,相信所有期待綠黨茁壯的朋友有開心、也有失望。我們要感謝長期以來不離不棄、持續關注綠黨,並且用各種行動支持綠黨的夥伴。也要再次感謝今年所有站出來公開聲援、表態支持的各界意見領袖與社運團體。無論高牆是否倒下,綠黨都會堅持站在雞蛋這一邊。面對 2016 的挑戰,我們會與進步的社會價值並肩而行,為打開真正的第三勢力奮力向前。
選舉不是戰爭,政治不是輸贏,明天過後請大家開始參與綠黨、繼續監督綠黨。
【Green Party Taiwan post-election statement: Celebrating our 2 seat election victory!】
A big thank you to all Taiwanese voters who supported the Green Party, thank you to our good candidates andgood party - you are the trailblazers of Taiwan's new politics, and thank you to Taiwan society's voters! Since Green Party Taiwan's founding in 1996 this is our first time ever to win an elected seat; it is critical moment in the party's 18 year history and an extraordinary moment for the start of a new politics in Taiwan!
Taiwan's 2014 elections, referred to as "nine-in-one" elections for the nine categories of offices contested, saw Green Party Taiwan's two elected offices won by Haoyu Wang (王浩宇) in Taoyuan county (Chungli city) and by Jay Chou (周江杰) in Hsinchu country (Zhudong and Wufeng townships).
The Green Party is a global environmental political party, our actions are local and are connected to Green parties in 91 countries around the world who share the same progressive values. Over the years the Greens have persisted in contesting elections to change Taiwan's political structures and core political values. Our candidates and partners have also persisted, despite facing all variety of challenges in the electoral struggle, in hopes that Green Party Taiwan can play a critical role in Taiwan's politics through its role as a political platform for social activism.
In Taiwan's 2012 legislative elections, the Green party won nearly 230,000 national party votes; although just below the 5% threshold for a congressional seat, Green Party Taiwan became Taiwan's fifth largest political party. Green Party Taiwan is convinced that Taiwan society needs a healing political party and good politics to mend the wounds in our land environment, social justice and democratic system. As a responsable generation we want a politics that can restore a normal relationship between political parties and people so that we can work together on Taiwan's development.
In early 2013 we continued to review and improve the party's operations and rooted ourselves in the direction of reform and good management. In preparation for the 2014 local elections we focused on increasing our long-term work in the local environment, leadership in local political issues, and Green Party membership among outstanding youth willing to join us for achieving political reform. For our candidates and partners we invited civil society organisations from across Taiwan's sectors to think together about Taiwan's major social issues, the developmental direction of new politics, and the practices of a good political party.
Green Party Taiwan's candidates are ordinary people leading regular lives working in their hometown. They are not from political families nor members of the political and business elite, they received very little funding for their work on progressing various social issues for their constituencies. To raise campaign funds candidates held small fundraisers that connected civil society groups to develop policy; they are full of courage and passion for their hometowns, every day they stood at street corners delivering speeches, riding campaign tricycles around the city, or spending years developing online communities to replace the conventional sea of costly large billboards and flags in the streets.
We are motivated to support our candidates to stand up because we want to show that the Taiwanese choose candidates with value-based concepts and that Taiwan society is willing to reject extravagance, shouting and vote buying in our elections. We want to show that Taiwan's politics can contain diverse values and a parliamentary debate free of corruption.
This year's local council election results show that breaking the big parties' dominance in resources, media attention and the existing structure of family influence, is still very difficult. We invite Taiwanese voters to reflect together on how we can build greater ability for social change and how to breakthrough rigid political factions and financial consortiums. Following wave after wave of large-scale social movements, how can we inspire people to return to all parts of Taiwan to break the two party monopoly and bring progressive ideas into local councils?
Green Party Taiwan will produce an election report as soon as possible and support the elected members Haoyu Wang (王浩宇) and Jay Chou (周江杰) to organise their parliamentary teams. Green Party Taiwan will double up our rigorous attitude, learning, and as an international political party innovate politics at the municipal level by implementing the concepts in the Global Greens Charter. We respect the commitments we made during the elections to voters and civil society, and maintain our convention on political representatives to be committed to public transparency in our records and reports. In the next four years, Green Party representatives will serve as civil society's window into Taoyuan and Hsinchu councils and maintain responsibility to all citizens.
For the constituencies where we have fallen short, we will humbly review and strive to meet your needs better in the future. Despite the Green Party's insufficient financial and human resources for providing a better support to candidates, Green Party candidates have still shown a tremendous enthusiasm and conviction for giving their candidacy a shot. We are grateful to our voters for continuing to believe in us and giving the Green Party this opportunity. We also urge all sectors of society to enourage these candidates, campaign teams and volunteers, as we believe they will continue to take root and to work with enthusiasm and motivation for opening up a new politics.
Tonight, we believe all our friends who have looked forward to a thriving Green Party are both happy and disappointed for the candidates who did not win a seat in government. We want to thank our partners who have for a long time not given up and continued to care and support in many ways for Green Party Taiwan. We want to thank again all the leaders and civil society groups from all sectors who have stood up publicly to express their solidarity with the Green Party. Regardless of whether the walls have fallen, Green Party Taiwan will persevere to stand up and face the 2016 electoral challenge, we will work with progressive social values to open up a real third force to move society forward.
Elections are not a war, politics is not winning or losing, after tomorrow please start participating in Green Party Taiwan and continue to watch us closely.
- See more at: http://www.greenparty.org.tw/news/20141130/216…
threshold value 在 大马搵食Kaki Facebook 八卦
做完PCR Swab Test除了看结果
【教你看懂报告的CT指数‼】
.
相信不少人都曾做过Swab Test😷其中一个COVID筛检 RT-PCR 是可以测量出我们体内的循环数閥值(Cycle Threshold Value),简称CT值。
⚠如果你本身,或身边有人不幸被验出确诊的话,记得拿了COVID-19筛检报告得检查看CT Value是多少哦!
✅那(RT-PCR)的CT Value到底是什么呢?让小编简单地为你讲解💡
病毒RNA浓度很高,PCR检测只要复制几次就能观测到,CR值数就低。
如果PCR检测要复制好多次才能观测到病毒RNA浓度,CT值数就高,却也代表传染力低啦~
.
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threshold value 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的評價
今日お初です、
SSバイクばかりで遊びに来てくれました、
またこれからもよろしくね、
Kawasaki ninja ZX-10R (Ninjazettoeccsuten'arl) is a large-scale automatic operation two wheels of four strokes 998cc (motorcycle) that Kawasaki Heavy Industries manufactures and is putting on the market for the export market.
Outline
It was announced as a succession of ZX-9R who was the super-sports model of 1000cc class of Kawasaki till then in 2004. To correspond to combination (A lot of Malaysian specifications imported by 172kg/175ps and Japan are →164 horsepower to which some power has been downed by exhaust emissions regulations and the noise regulation) hard breaking, the backing torque limiter of MotoGP participation machine ZX-RR transfer is equipped with the body and the engine so that the power weight ratio may cut 1kg/ps for the first time as a car general and on the market. It is remarkable as the model of a suitable threat for the vehicle of four large manufacturer end departure in 1000cc super-sports class, and in the trial of the magazine and the journalist participation of the main each country participation, it is pointed out that the high reputation value and the good record are put and the adjustment of the detail doesn't boil down, and it is also true that rider's capability was often evaluated as a necessary model to get on and to digest. ZX-10R was a muffler of an orthodox type while both of CBR1000RR that had debuted in YZF-R1 and the same year when FMC had been done in 2004 central improvement mufflers had been adopted. It is said that the purpose of this is to lighten.
The former model's reflection or the overall balance is considered though it was restyled in 2
006.
* Review of engine (twice velocity generator abolition and crank mass 40%
increase, etc.)
* Complete improvement of chassis (Become a short as not seeming liter ss it called the swing arm shortening and result 1395mm according to the review of the frame rigidity balance, the caster angle review, and it wheelbase).
* Adoption of brake master cylinder of new shape (Change from an existing
horizontal to a radial pump).
* Adoption of projector headlight
* Adoption of central improvement muffler
It was chiefly changed. Taking Ts easiness to come basically became a model where flexibility was had both compared with the model it for the result and 2004.2005 years, was established of the impression that word of mouth said that it was inferior, and the total balance low also waited for the aspect and the threshold is high compared with the domestic production and others manufacturer, and fighting hard was compelled for the sales side. It is incontrovertible to take the delay a little compared with the rival car that has been improved for the balance on the street every year. However, after the model 2006, the actual horse-power is considerably improved often the thing won oppositely by reviewing the setting of the suspension of the total balance that touches the above-mentioned in the catalog value output though it is lower than the domestic production and others manufacturer.
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threshold value 在 potatofish yu Youtube 的評價
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⭐️ Marc Jacobs Tote https://rsnap.it/d-TDDHAx
Other Picks:-
⭐️ Marc Jacobs Shopper Tote https://rsnap.it/d-TDDHAy
⭐️ Marc Jacobs Tote https://rsnap.it/d-TDDHAz
⭐️ Karl Lagerfeld Tote https://rsnap.it/d-TDDHAA
⭐️ Tod’s Tote https://rsnap.it/d-TDDHAB
⭐️ Proenza Schouler Mini Crossbody Bag https://rsnap.it/d-TDDHAC
⭐️ Proenza Schouler PS1 Tiny https://rsnap.it/d-TDDHAD
⭐️ Marc Jacobs Softshot 21 Bag https://rsnap.it/d-TDDHAE
⭐️ Marc Jacobs Jelly Glitter Snapshot Bag https://rsnap.it/d-TDDHAF
⭐️ Off White Backpack https://rsnap.it/d-TDDHAG
⭐️ Moschino Backpack https://rsnap.it/d-TDDHAH
⭐️ Tory Burch Flats https://rsnap.it/d-TDDHAJ
⭐️ Salvatore Ferragamo Mules https://rsnap.it/d-TDDHAK
⭐️ By Far Ankle Boots https://rsnap.it/d-TDDHAL
⭐️ Tory Burch Wallet https://rsnap.it/d-TDDHAM
⭐️Brand Restrictions⭐️
Acne Studios, Amiri, Bottega Veneta, Brunello Cucinelli, Brunello Cucinelli Kids, Burberry, Burberry Kids, Chanel Pre-Owned, Christian Dior Pre-Owned, Christian Dior x Susan Caplan, Fendi, Fendi Eyewear, Fendi Kids, Hermes Pre-Owned, Louis Vuitton Pre-Owned, Maison Margiela, MM6 Maison Margiela, Miu Miu, Oscar de La Renta, Prada, Red Valentino, Stella McCartney, Stella McCartney Kids, Valentino, Saint Laurent, Balenciaga, Balenciaga Kids, Thom Browne, DOLCE & GABBANA, SS20 & CONTINUITY, MONCLER, Moncler C, MONCLER EYEWEAR, MONCLER GAMME BLEU, MONCLER GAMME ROUGE, MONCLER GRENOBLE, MONCLER KIDS, MONCLER SACAI, MONCLER X AMI, MONCLER X ERDEM, MONCLER X GREG LAUREN, Moncler X Off-White, MONCLER X ROLLING STONES, MONCLER Y, Red Valentino
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Disclaimer: This video is created and edited by me. All the content are my own thoughts. As always, all opinions are based on my experience and honesty. Products are either purchased by me or for those which are sent by PR are marked with an “*”. For any collaboration with brands which involves monetary payment, “Ad” will be in the video so that you are aware of the collaboration. Some of the links used above might be affiliate links and please be aware that I will earn a % of commission if you decide to buy through the affiliate links.
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