在人類學家Mary Douglas的研究當中,從食物分類體系中探討了猶太人的飲食禁忌。豬與牛羊一樣,有蹄有腳趾,但大部分這類動物都會反芻,豬卻不會反芻,所以豬是一種「異常」的動物,所以是不潔的、不能食用的。
而在猶太人的真實生活之中,禁吃豬肉還有更為複雜的歷史過程。這篇來自【The News Lens關鍵評論】的文章,帶我們回顧幾百年來猶太人如何養成不吃豬肉的文化歷史傳統。
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一段頗為人知的猶太人歷史故事,發生在安條克四世(Antiochus IV Epiphanes)當政下的賽琉古帝國(Seleucid Empire),當時,一場猶太人反抗安條克四世統治與其希臘化政策的起義,成了猶太光明節(Hanukkah)的由來。有史家記載,安條克四世對猶太人的希臘化政策之一,是強逼猶太人放棄禁吃豬肉的傳統;他曾頒布命令,要猶太人以豬肉獻祭,並在獻祭後食用之。
在15世紀的西班牙與葡萄牙,一些在社會、政治壓力下皈依基督教的猶太人,仍然維持不吃豬肉的習慣。不過這樣的行為,很快就受到左鄰右舍的注意,在西班牙宗教法庭(Spanish Inquisition,或譯:宗教裁判所)盛行的時代,是否吃豬肉也被用作為識別猶太人的方法之一。一個有趣的說法是,當時一些猶太人,會自製非豬肉的葡式香腸「Alheira」,以做出看似豬肉餡、實為雞、鴨、或鵪鶉肉製成的香腸。此外,面對那些似乎假裝皈依基督教、但對教義陽奉陰違的猶太人,當地人戲稱他們為「Marranos」,這個字在當時的脈絡中,就是「豬」。
在這樣的歷史脈絡下,禁吃豬肉與猶太人的身份文化形成了一種連結,結果不僅猶太教徒遵守不吃豬肉的飲食律法,比較傳統、或甚至不信教的世俗猶太人,都可能基於文化的因素,視食用豬肉為一大禁忌、或不吉利的表徵。世俗猶太作家的文學作品中,豬肉也常被視為禁忌,食用豬肉甚至會被視為是對猶太身份的背叛。
(以上引用網頁原文)
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MERDEKA?
I think it's a lot better to say, "Selamat Hari Kebangsaan" rather than "Selamat Hari Merdeka". Merdeka connotes a freedom, and we're not really free, are we? I still think Malaysia is a great country, and I'm very thankful to be a part of it. But I do not delude myself into thinking that any of us living here are truly free.
I think most of us are still very frightened to speak out against the myriad injustices that occur right before our eyes, every day.
To add, there is a culture of divisiveness amongst the races in this country that nobody wants to address. The worst thing about it all, is that the education system we currently have, fosters it.
In 2021, when advanced societies are denouncing notions like 'superior race' and 'the right (religious) way of life', our political parties inch closer to primitive dogma, and those opposing it can't say anything against it, because it's all cloaked under that big untouchable subject called "religion".
What is wrong with us? Where is our voice? We can't simply acquiesce, just because somebody said, "God mandated it." Over history, God has mandated A LOT of reprehensible acts. Once upon a time, that same God even mandated owning slaves. Atrocities like the Holocaust, the Spanish Inquisition and mistreatment and displacement of the Rohingyas were all committed in the name of God.
People should not be afraid to raise their voices and question the authorities, when their rights are being trampled on. More importantly, they should feel compelled to raise their voices against the authorities, when the rights of others are being trespassed on. It is so crucial for us to speak up for them, because these people, these 'others'... they may not have a voice to stand up for themselves.
When we are free to do that, THAT'S when we can say we have attained freedom. That is when we are merdeka.
So until we achieve that, I will wish you Selamat Hari Kebangsaan instead.💜
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Every August 31st, Malaysia celebrates its independence. Yes - it's 59 years already that we have enjoyed our freedom from our oppressors.
Yet after 59 years, we are still not truly liberated.
Our minds are still in shackles in so many ways. And the fault is no-one's but our own. We allow those who purport themselves to be smarter than us to influence or views about things. We allow manipulators, dressed as religious zealots to frighten us from questioning authorities when they blatantly wrong us. We close one eye to wickedness, villainy and corruption, because we are told, without explanation, that it is wrong to stand up to them.
So how then can we rightly call ourselves free?
Where then, lies our liberty, if our minds and they way we think are still shackled? Our freedoms are being oppressed without us realizing it, and worse, this time the oppressors are our own people.
This Merdeka, we should truly free our minds. We should break those chains that bind us from thinking through your own individual brains. We should not be so quick to believe everything we are told. We live in the age of technology and information - we should question the stories people tell us. We ought to find out on our own if what being told to us is indeed the truth. we shouldn't allow anyone to bully us into accepting something, just because it is dressed up in some fancy 'religious' ribbon.
Think of ISIS in syria and iraq. Think of the spanish inquisition. Think of the holocaust - all of these atrocities were performed in the name of religion too.
We should make up your minds to do or to follow something because we KNOW it is the right thing to do, not because we are told it is the right thing to do.
With that, i wish you all a very happy Merdeka. <3
"None are more hopelessly enslaved than those who falsely believe they are free." - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
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Spanish Inquisition, (1478–1834), judicial institution ostensibly established to combat heresy in Spain. In practice, the Spanish Inquisition served to ... ... <看更多>
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Hearing the complaints of Conversos who had fled to Rome, Pope Sextus proclaimed the Spanish Inquisition was too harsh and was wrongly accusing ... ... <看更多>
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The "Spanish Inquisition" may be defined broadly as operating in Spain and in all Spanish colonies and territories, which included the Canary Islands, the ... ... <看更多>