🇩🇰 這是一篇深度報導,來自歐洲現存最古老的報紙:丹麥Weekendavisen,題目是從香港抗爭運動、香港聯繫加泰羅尼亞的集會,前瞻全球大城市的「永久革命」。一篇報導訪問了世界各地大量學者,我也在其中,雖然只是每人一句,加在一起,卻有了很完整的圖像。
以下為英譯:
Protest! The demonstrations in Hong Kong were just the beginning. Now there are unrest in big cities from Baghdad to Barcelona. Perhaps the stage is set for something that could look like a permanent revolution in the world's big cities.
A world on the barricades
At the end of October, an hour after dark, a group of young protesters gathered at the Chater Garden Park in Hong Kong. Some of them wore large red and yellow flags. The talk began and the applause filled the warm evening air. There were slogans of independence, and demands of self-determination - from Spain. For the protest was in sympathy with the Catalan independence movement.
At the same time, a group of Catalan protesters staged a protest in front of the Chinese Consulate in Barcelona in favor of Hong Kong's hope for more democracy. The message was not to be mistaken: We are in the same boat. Or, as Joshua Wong, one of the leading members of the Hong Kong protest movement, told the Catalan news agency: "The people of Hong Kong and Catalonia both deserve the right to decide their own destiny."
For much of 2019, Hong Kong's streets have been ravaged by fierce protests and a growing desperation on both sides, with escalating violence and vandalism ensuing. But what, do observers ask, if Hong Kong is not just a Chinese crisis, but a warning of anger that is about to break out globally?
Each week brings new turmoil from an unexpected edge. In recent days, attention has focused on Chile. Here, more than 20 people have lost their lives in unrest, which has mainly been about unequal distribution of economic goods. Before then, the unrest has hit places as diverse as Lebanon and the Czech Republic, Bolivia and Algeria, Russia and Sudan.
With such a geographical spread, it is difficult to bring the protests to any sort of common denominator, but they all reflect a form of powerlessness so acute that traditional ways of speaking do not seem adequate.
Hardy Merriman, head of research at the International Center for Nonviolent Conflict in Washington, is not in doubt that it is a real wave of protest and that we have not seen the ending yet.
"I have been researching non-violent resistance for 17 years, and to me it is obvious that there are far more popular protest movements now than before. Often the protests have roots in the way political systems work. Elsewhere, it is about welfare and economic inequality or both. The two sets of factors are often related, ”he says.
Economic powerlessness
Hong Kong is a good example of this. The desire among the majority of Hong Kong's seven million residents to maintain an independent political identity vis-à-vis the People's Republic of China is well known, but the resentment of the streets is also fueled by a sense of economic powerlessness. Hong Kong is one of the most unequal communities in the world, and especially the uneven access to the real estate market is causing a stir.
According to Lee Chun-wing, a sociologist at Hong Kong Polytechnic University, the turmoil in the city is not just facing Beijing, but also expressing a daunting showdown with the neoliberal economy, which should diminish the state's role and give the market more influence, but in its real form often ends with the brutal arbitrariness of jungle law.
'The many protests show that neoliberalism is unable to instill hope in many. And as one of the world's most neoliberal cities, Hong Kong is no exception. While the protests here are, of course, primarily political, there is no doubt that social polarization and economic inequality make many young people not afraid to participate in more radical protests and do not care whether they are accused of damage economic growth, 'he says.
The turmoil is now so extensive that it can no longer be dismissed as a coincidence. Something special and significant is happening. As UN Secretary General António Guterres put it last week, it would be wrong to stare blindly at the superficial differences between the factors that get people on the streets.
“There are also common features that are recurring across the continents and should force us to reflect and respond. It is clear that there is growing distrust between the people and the political elites and growing threats to the social contract. The world is struggling with the negative consequences of globalization and the new technologies that have led to growing inequality in individual societies, "he told reporters in New York.
Triggered by trifles
In many cases, the riots have been triggered by questions that may appear almost trivial on the surface. In Chile, there was an increase in the price of the capital's subway equivalent to 30 Danish cents, while in Lebanon there were reports of a tax on certain services on the Internet. In both places, it was just the reason why the people have been able to express a far more fundamental dissatisfaction.
In a broad sense, there are two situations where a population is rebelling, says Paul Almeida, who teaches sociology at the University of California, Merced. The first is when more opportunities suddenly open up and conditions get better. People are getting hungry for more and trying to pressure their politicians to give even more concessions.
“But then there is also the mobilization that takes place when people get worse. That seems to be the overall theme of the current protests, even in Hong Kong. People are concerned about various kinds of threats they face. It may be the threat of inferior economic conditions, or it may be a more political threat of erosion of rights. But the question is why it is happening right now. That's the 10,000-kroner issue, ”says Almeida.
Almeida, who has just published the book Social Movements: The Structure of Social Mobilization, even gives a possible answer. A growing authoritarian, anti-democratic flow has spread across the continents and united rulers in all countries, and among others it is the one that has now triggered a reaction in the peoples.
“There is a tendency for more use of force by the state power. If we look at the death toll in Latin America, they are high considering that the countries are democracies. This kind of violence is not usually expected in democratic regimes in connection with protests. It is an interesting trend and may be related to the authoritarian flow that is underway worldwide. It's worth watching, 'he says.
The authoritarian wave
Politologists Anna Lürhmann and Staffan Lindberg from the University of Gothenburg describe in a paper published earlier this year a "third autocratic wave." Unlike previous waves, for example, in the years before World War II, when democracy was beaten under great external drama , the new wave is characterized by creeping. It happens little by little - in countries like Turkey, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Hungary and Russia - at such a slow pace that you barely notice it.
Even old-fashioned autocrats nowadays understand the language of democracy - the only acceptable lingua franca in politics - and so the popular reaction does not happen very often when it becomes clear at once that the electoral process itself is not sufficient to secure democratic conditions. Against this backdrop, Kenneth Chan, a politician at Hong Kong Baptist University, sees the recent worldwide wave of unrest as an expression of the legitimacy crisis of the democratic regimes.
“People have become more likely to take the initiative and take part in direct actions because they feel that they have not made the changes they had hoped for through the elections. In fact, the leaders elected by the peoples are perceived as undermining the institutional guarantees of citizens' security, freedom, welfare and rights. As a result, over the past decade, we have seen more democracies reduced to semi-democracies, hybrid regimes and authoritarian regimes, ”he says.
"Therefore, we should also not be surprised by the new wave of resistance from the people. On the surface, the spark may be a relatively innocent or inconsiderate decision by the leadership, but people's anger quickly turns to what they see as the cause of the democratic deroute, that is, an arrogant and selfish leadership, a weakened democratic control, a dysfunctional civil society. who are no longer able to speak on behalf of the people. ”The world is changing. Anthony Ince, a cardiff at Cardiff University who has researched urban urban unrest, sees the uprisings as the culmination of long-term nagging discontent and an almost revolutionary situation where new can arise.
"The wider context is that the dominant world order - the global neoliberalism that has dominated since the 1980s - is under pressure from a number of sides, creating both uncertainty and at the same time the possibility of change. People may feel that we are in a period of uncertainty, confusion, anxiety, but perhaps also hope, ”he says.
Learning from each other.
Apart from mutual assurances of solidarity the protest movements in between, there does not appear to be any kind of coordination. But it may not be necessary either. In a time of social media, learning from each other's practices is easy, says Simon Shen, a University of Hong Kong political scientist.
“They learn from each other at the tactical level. Protesters in Hong Kong have seen what happened in Ukraine through YouTube, and now protesters in Catalonia and Lebanon are taking lessons from Hong Kong. It's reminiscent of 1968, when baby boomers around the globe were inspired by an alternative ideology to break down rigid hierarchies, 'he says.
But just as the protest movements can learn from each other, the same goes for their opponents. According to Harvard political scientist Erica Chenoweth, Russia has been particularly active in trying to establish cooperation with other authoritarian regimes, which feel threatened by riots in the style of the "color revolutions" on the periphery of the old Soviet empire at the turn of the century.
"It has resulted in joint efforts between Russian, Chinese, Iranian, Venezuelan, Belarusian, Syrian and other national authorities to develop, systematize and report on techniques and practices that have proved useful in trying to contain such threats," writes Chenoweth in an article in the journal Global Responsibility to Protect.
Max Fisher and Amanda Taub, commentators at the New York Times, point to the social media as a double-edged sword. Not only are Twitter and Facebook powerful weapons in the hands of tech-savvy autocrats. They are also of questionable value to the protesting grass roots. With WhatsApp and other new technologies, it is possible to mobilize large numbers of interested and almost-interested participants in collective action. But they quickly fall apart again.
The volatile affiliation is one of the reasons why, according to a recent survey, politically motivated protests today only succeed in reaching their targets in 30 percent of cases. A generation ago, the success rate was 70 percent. Therefore, unrest often recurs every few years, and they last longer, as Hong Kong is an example of. Perhaps the scene is set for something that might resemble a permanent revolution in the world's big cities - a kind of background noise that other residents will eventually just get used to.
"Since there is still no obvious alternative to neoliberalism, the polarization that led to the protests initially will probably continue to apply," says Lee of Hong Kong Polytechnic University. "At the same time, this means that the anger and frustration will continue to rumble in society."
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今天低氣壓,不斷想起這段文字:「文化運動是一切運動的基礎,在全體民眾還未完全覺醒以前,任你社會運動家如何叫嚷社會改造,任你政治運動家如何鼓吹民權伸張,也不過是做一場空夢罷了。欲使社會運動甚至政治運動能夠有效實現,非得借文化運動之力,叫醒全體民眾不可。而文化運動的目標,正是要喚起全體民眾的徹底醒覺。」* 革新保港,香港人需要建立主體意識,從頭做好論述和組織吧。
▋網上訂購《香港革新論II》:https://goo.gl/t6jDbU
*(1925年11月15日《臺灣民報》社論,收錄在《百年追求:臺灣民主運動的故事》卷一 自治的夢想)
【#香港革新論II】不是看見希望才堅持,而是堅持才看見希望。在困境中,香港人需要建立主體意識,從頭做好論述和組織。《香港革新論ll》正式出版上架,繼續為我城思考新論述,請試讀《導論:從世界思考香港前途》。
▋ 出一點 Chapter One網上訂購:https://goo.gl/t6jDbU
//革新保港,讀書養志。讀政治史,能讓我們變得踏實;讀比較政治史,更能讓我們擴闊視野反思前路。環顧世界,邊陲共同體爭取自主之歷程,必然是一條漫漫長路,過程中也必然充滿高低起跌,更必然飽受過打壓、屈辱、欺騙、愚弄、甚至鎮壓,是甚麼讓他們堅持下去,或者不能堅持下去?邊陲能否自強、中心如何應對、地緣政治變化,固然都是重要之因素;但最終能否實現自主,始終取決於邊陲共同體,能否建立和維持主體意識,團結上下一起爭取,才有衝破牢籠實現自主之一天。//
/ 方志恒《香港革新論》主編
********************
《香港革新論II》導論:從世界思考香港前途
1989年,香港電台節目《鏗鏘集》,以《悲哀的香港人》為主題,探討六四事件前後,香港人的心路歷程。節目中,小市民歐先生的一席話,頗能反映香港人的時代心聲:
「當時大部分香港人,都對中國前途充滿憧憬,主觀希望中國藉著這場民主運動,可以一夜之間民主起來,屆時毋需再為九七問題擔心。當時我也覺得香港很有希望,因為若這些學生爭取到自由民主,很明顯,若內地政策也是民主自由,香港必會跟隨這政策走。」
《中英聯合聲明》簽訂後,香港人既無法自決前途,只好寄望中國走向民主化,從而令香港的民主和自治,可以有更大空間 ── 這種對中港良性互動之設想,正是「民主回歸論」之核心主張。[1]
「民主回歸論」之思潮,為未能自決前途之香港人,在矛盾與無助之中,找到心靈曙光;也驅使香港人全情投入八九民運,期盼「以改變中國前途、去改變香港前途」。六四屠城後,「民主回歸論」之中港良性互動想像,本來已難再有說服力;但隨後鄧小平再度啟動經濟改革,加上主權移交初年北京奉行不干預路線,令香港人對中港良性互動疑中留情,仍期盼中國會走向政治開明,讓香港能夠爭取到空間,在一國兩制下發展民主。
但由2003年起,中港關係卻悄悄地有所變化。五十萬人大遊行,觸發北京改變對港政策,由原來之不干預路線,改為強調中央介入。[2]隨後,北京逐步走向天朝主義,透過在政治(以人大釋法、任命特首等中央權力控制政局)、經濟(將香港納入中國經濟規劃體系)和意識形態(以國民教育推進中國人身份認同)的層層推進,務求將香港這個邊陲地區,吸納入北京的直接管治範圍。[3]到2014年,北京發表《一國兩制白皮書》,宣稱對香港擁有「全面管治權」、「中央依法直接行使管治權」、「高度自治來自中央授權」、「中央對高度自治有監督權力」等等;[4]繼而頒布《8.31人大決定》,劃下以提名委員會操控特首選舉之權力紅線。[5]至此中港良性互動之想像,已完全被中國天朝主義壓碎,三十年之民主回歸夢,正式壽終正寢。[6]
三十年之實踐證明,「民主回歸論」之所以未能實現,在於其單向地預設了,中港關係必然處於良性互動之軌道 ── 這種設想,既低估了中港關係之複雜性,也錯誤假設了中國經濟改革必然帶動政治改革,結果當中國走上結合威權政治和巿場經濟之「威權資本主義」、[7]而不是按原來假設走向民主化後,整個良性互動之設想不但失去基礎,更加無法應對中國轉向天朝主義後之挑戰。論述落空之結果,是不少仍服膺「民主回歸論」之主流民主派,近年在多次重大事件中,總是一廂情願地期盼,北京會開明處理香港事務;但現實卻是北京以天朝主義步步進逼,令民主派大失預算進退失據。[8]
▍重置中港關係於「中心-邊陲框架」
2017年,是主權移交二十周年。一國兩制50年不變之期限,還未走到一半,已經變得名存實亡。今天,香港人站在時代的十字路口,必須為香港前途思考出路 ── 我們需要重置中港關係於「中心-邊陲框架」,以更立體之視野,重新定義、梳理和倡議未來之中港關係。
「中心-邊陲框架」(Center-periphery framework)之要點,是把「中心政權」(Central state)和「邊陲地區」(Peripheral regions)之關係,視作一個動態互動過程,即中心政權往往傾向吸納和同化邊陲地區(以建立統一之全國政權),邊陲地區則時刻強調捍衛自主(以守護其獨特性)。[9]中心與邊陲,因此處於長期持續之角力關係,這種關係既不會是一廂情願的良性互動,也不一定是敵我二分之零和遊戲;而是取決在不同時空下,中心與邊陲之實力對比與策略互動。[10]
以「中心-邊陲框架」思考中港關係,當能明白香港人作為邊陲共同體,我們的政治宿命,是沒有逃避中國此一中心政權制約之選擇,而只能在地緣政治結構之夾縫間,迂迴前進追求自主[11] ── 事實上,回顧香港開埠以來的發展歷程,由晚清民國時期至中共改革開放前,由於中國作為中心政權之長期衰落積弱,加上當時香港身處於西方陣營之前哨,因而得以自外於中國發展,但港英政府始終未有輕視中國作為中心政權之影響力,一直苦心經營香港這片邊陲地區之自主性;[12]及至改革開放以至主權移交後,中國重新建立作為中心政權之強大影響力,近年其影響力並有向外擴張之勢,[13]香港作為邊陲地區,在這種日益不利的地緣政治趨勢下,要保持以至擴大自主性,自然是困難重重荊棘滿途。因此,就香港未來之憲制地位,不同黨派可以有不倡議不同想像,但香港人仍然必須先直面「中心-邊陲框架」之結構性制約,並在此現實政治之基礎上,全面思考香港前途。換言之,任何的香港主體性論述,都必須建立在「實現香港相對於北京(以至西方)的最大程度的自主性」此一核心命題上。
把中港關係重置於「中心-邊陲框架」下思考,我們就能以廣闊之比較視野,從世界思考香港前途 ── 中心邊陲之角力,絕非中港獨有的現象;而把中港關係置於比較視野之下,我們就能透過觀察世界各地自治政體之個案,深入反思中港關係,並且拉闊香港前途想像,尋找實現香港最大程度自主性之路徑。環顧世界,魁北克、奧蘭群島、格陵蘭、南提洛爾、諾福克島、蘇格蘭和加泰隆尼亞,都是極具代表性之自治政體個案,透過觀察其歷史背景、自治制度、政治光譜、中心邊陲互動等等,我們當能更立體地思考,各個攸關香港前途之重要課題:
一. 自治之理想:內部自決權?
政治社會運動的本質,是尋求改變;因此成功之政治社會運動,必須提出最具正當性之訴求和論述修辭(Legitimate claim and rhetoric),方能為運動本身建立和維持正當性(Conferring and maintaining legitimacy),以動員和團結最大力量,實現改變。[14]而在現時的東亞地緣政治格局下,「自治」仍然是較能獲得大多數香港人、國際社會甚至中國大陸社會所接受之正當性訴求。
自治的英語詞彙是Autonomy或Self-government,其核心內涵是指「一個地區或社群,不受中央政府或鄰近地區或社群的介入,自行組織其事務的能力」(the ability of a region or community to organize its affairs without interference from the central government or neighbouring regions or communities)。[15]自治的實際操作和細節,在不同國家有不同安排,難以有一個四海通行的自治模式;但總體來說,自治必然涉及把權力,由中央政府轉移至自治政體(transfer of certain powers from a central government to that of autonomous entity),實踐上自然就涉及不同程度的行政、立法和司法權力轉移。概念上,自治作為一種政治訴求,其核心應是讓「地域社群能夠不受其他國家機關的介入,獨立地行使其行政、立法及司法等公共政策功能」(territorial communities to exercise public policy functions, legislative, executive and adjudicative, independently of other sources of authority in the state)。[16]近年,西方憲政學者流行在國際法的脈絡下,將自治理解為「內部自決權」之實踐。按國際法文獻,「自決權」(Right to self-determination)指人民有權利「自由決定他們的政治地位,並自由謀求他們的經濟、社會和文化的發展」(即《公民權利和政治權利國際公約》第一條[17]);而要實踐「自決權」,可分成「外部自決權」(Right to external self-determination)和「內部自決權」(Right to internal self-determination)兩種方式,前者指人民有權決定是否與宗主國分離;後者指人民有權按自治原則,完全決定和管理自己的事務。[18]
魁北克、奧蘭群島和格陵蘭,都是當代國際法和比較政治文獻下,在主權框架內按「內部自決權」原則,實踐自治之經典案例 ── 魁北克在加拿大之主權框架內,按「不對稱聯邦主義」(Asymmetrical federalism)原則,在民主普選權利以外,逐步發展出各種保障和實踐魁北克人「內部自決權」之自治權力,包括語言教育自主和移民審批自主等等;奧蘭群島在芬蘭主權內,亦建立起各種保障和實踐其「內部自決權」之憲制保障,包括「總督-總理雙首長制」、「奧蘭代表團」、相互同意修憲機制等等;而格陵蘭則在丹麥主權內,透過聯合委員會前期協商、公投複決法案等修憲程序,逐步擴大和鞏固格陵蘭人之「內部自決權」。
從世界思考香港前途,透過魁北克、奧蘭群島和格陵蘭之案例,香港人當能思考重構自治理想 ── 香港人能否按「內部自決權」原則,[19]論述和倡議各種攸關保障香港獨特性之自治權力?在民主普選以外,「經濟自主」(香港自行決定經濟政策,反對被單向經濟融合)、「規劃自主」(香港自行決定規劃基建,反對被單向規劃)、「移民自主」(香港自行決定移民審批,反對被單向輸入人口)、「供水自主」(香港自行發展獨立供水系統,反對被東江水系統控制)等等,能否成為未來政治運動之核心議程?香港人能否重新審視《基本法》當中的種種不合理條文,並倡議修改《基本法》以保障香港自治?聯合委員會前期協商、公投複決法案等修憲程序,又能否成為香港人倡議擴大「內部自決權」之參考對象?香港本土政治運動之最具正當性訴求,是否就是按「內部自決權」原則,在主權框架內爭取實現最大程度的自治?
二. 邊陲之自強:自立自主還是仰息他人?
中心與邊陲,是一種長期持續之角力關係,角力就自然涉及雙方之實力對比。當然,在「中心-邊陲框架」之下,中心政權差不多必然掌握權力優勢,但邊陲地區要維持自主性,總不能一廂情願地寄望良性互動,而疏於建立自身之實力。唯有邊陲地區具備自立自主之能力,方能有籌碼與中心政權角力;而如果邊陲地區只能仰息他人,結局則必然是人為刀俎我為魚肉。
南提洛爾和諾福克島兩個邊陲地區,一個強調自立自主,一個只能仰息他人,結局自然是截然不同 ── 南提洛爾在意大利主權框架下,曾遭逢墨索尼里法西斯政府之強迫同化(1920年代到1940年代)、也經歷過民主意大利政府以虛假自治之承諾欺騙(1950年代),但南提洛爾始終自強不息,努力建立起本地政治運動、擴大經濟自主實力和開拓國際支援網絡,終於逐步扭轉原來不利之「中心–邊陲格局」,在1990年代實現真正自治;相反,諾福克島人自1979年起建立自治政體後,一直對如何維持自治掉以輕心,疏於建立自身之實力,其本土政治運動長期積弱、國際支援網絡不足,終於到了2008年金融海嘯後,就連本身之經濟自主實力亦全面崩潰,結果自然是無力抵抗民主澳洲之逐步吸納,在2016年被取消自治地位。
從世界思考香港前途,透過南提洛爾和諾福克島之案例,香港人當能思考自強不息之道 ── 香港人能否建立起戰略視野,思考從當下天朝中國、以至未來民主中國想像下,香港本土運動的自強之道?[20]香港人能否建立起團結之本土政治運動,特別是盡快建構和鞏固「香港主體意識」?香港人又能否組織起足以盛載這種主體意識,對內能有效連結公民社會和議會政黨、對外能代表香港人與北京談判之政治行動主體?香港人能否擴大經濟自主實力,以民間力量倡議香港經濟發展之多元性、可持續性、國際性和自主性,推進香港之永續經濟實力?香港人能否鞏固香港作為全球城巿之影響力,以民間外交之進路,加強香港與國際社會在政治、經濟、社會、文化、學術等各個層面之連結?
三. 中心之應對:分權還是集權?
中心與邊陲,是一種策略互動之角力關係。邊陲地區要求自治自主,不可能迴避中心政權。但中心政權是選擇以分權(Decentralization of powers)還是集權(Centralization of powers)來應對,則涉及中心邊陲之實力對比、當地之政治傳統、以至中心政權對形勢之判斷等多重複雜考慮;而中心政權之選擇,又往往影響了邊陲地區隨後之選項,形塑了未來之中心邊陲格局。
蘇格蘭和加泰隆尼亞兩個邊陲地區,同樣要求自治自主;而兩地之中心政權,也同樣是民主國家。但民主英國和民主西班牙,卻採用了截然不同之策略,來應對邊陲地區,因而產生了兩種不同之中心邊陲互動結果 ── 民主英國在新工黨政府治下(1997年至2010年),一直以分權政策應對蘇格蘭問題,由《1998年蘇格蘭法案》開始,透過逐步擴大蘇格蘭之自治權力,疏導了蘇格蘭和倫敦中央政府之矛盾,為英國的「中心–邊陲關係」,帶來了超過十年的穩定局面;相反,民主西班牙在人民黨治下(2011年至今),一直以集權政策應對加泰隆尼亞問題,不但強硬打壓加泰隆尼亞要求擴大財政自主之訴求,更加插手干預當地之教育語言事務,結果激起原來只要求自治的加泰隆尼亞人之怒火,紛紛轉向公投自決獨立建國,但這些反彈亦引發人民黨中央政府更強力之打壓,西班牙與加泰隆尼亞之關係,已完全陷於惡性循環。
從世界思考香港前途,透過蘇格蘭和加泰隆尼亞之案例,香港人當能思考中心政權之應對,對邊陲地區前途之影響 ── 香港人能否打破自1980年代以來對「民主中國」之粗糙理解,重新認識民主之中央政府,與地方之分權自治,兩者並不必然存在因果關係?香港人又能否重新認識到,真正有利於香港自治之中央政府,不單單是「民主中國」(Democratic China),更應該是「分權中國」(Decentralized China)?香港人又能否連結海內外力量,建立論述以至行動聯盟,一起推動未來之「民主分權中國」(Democratic and decentralized China)?
▍香港人走不下去了,但香港人會走下去
由2010年走溫和談判路線、2014年發起公民抗命佔領運動、到2015年出現勇武抗爭旺角衝突、以至2017年以300選委議席票投開明建制派,香港人從體制內到體制外,幾乎把各種爭取方法都試過,卻全部都無功而回,始終未能實現香港之自治自主。看不見出路,難免令人感到氣餒,沉重的無力感,把多少人之意志消磨殆盡;又有多少人在絕望中走向輕狂,讓無奈和失望而引發之怒火,遮蓋了我們之眼睛。
革新保港,讀書養志。讀政治史,能讓我們變得踏實;讀比較政治史,更能讓我們擴闊視野反思前路。環顧世界,邊陲共同體爭取自主之歷程,必然是一條漫漫長路,過程中也必然充滿高低起跌,更必然飽受過打壓、屈辱、欺騙、愚弄、甚至鎮壓,是甚麼讓他們堅持下去,或者不能堅持下去?邊陲能否自強、中心如何應對、地緣政治變化,固然都是重要之因素;但最終能否實現自主,始終取決於邊陲共同體,能否建立和維持主體意識,團結上下一起爭取,才有衝破牢籠實現自主之一天 ── 南提洛爾主體意識,令南提洛爾人能夠捱過了墨索里尼之法西斯統治、熬過了戰後民主意大利政府之反覆壓迫,由1919年被割讓予意大利,到1992年實現自治,南提洛爾人之自治之路,整整走了73年。
《想像的共同體》作者安德森曾寄語,「我走不下去了,但我會走下去」(I can’t go on. I’ll go on!)。[21]面對困局,不少香港人慨嘆走不去了;但只要「香港主體意識」仍在,香港人還是會走下去。
[1] 近年,「民主回歸論」成為各方議論批判之焦點,但到底這套論述,其原來之主張是甚麼,卻甚少人會認真釐清。「民主回歸論」由論政團體「匯點」提出,相關論述散見於匯點核心曾澍基教授、張炳良教授等人,在八、九十年代撰寫之文章書籍,例如《巨龍口裡的明珠》(1982)、《民主改革與港人治港 ── 匯點文件集》(1983)、《香港政治經濟學》(1985)、《困境與出路:中國民主化探索》(1989)、《滙點邁進九十年代宣言》(1990)、《歷史的迴響:中國八九民主運動的檢討與前瞻》(1991)等等。簡而言之,「民主回歸論」除強調中國國族主義外(由此引伸出反對殖民統治、支持香港回歸之立場),就是提出「中港良性互動」之設想 ── 即設想香港在中國改革進程之特殊角色,並假設隨著中國在經濟改革後,將逐步走上政治開明之路,令中港關係可以良性互動,最終將實現民主回歸夢。「民主回歸論」理論大師曾澍基教授,在《民主十年專輯》(1994)中一段議論,頗能扼要概括了這套論述之要點:「『民主回歸派』的設想,集中於前提與後果的回饋,形成所謂『中港關係的良性循環』;在互信的基礎上,擴大改革(包括但不單是民主改革)的空間,以及吸收各自經驗的可取部分」。
[2] 要理解北京對港政策之轉變歷程,可參閱清華大學副教授程潔在2008年之文章:Cheng Jie (2009) “The story of a new policy.” Hong Kong Journal, 15 July.
[3] 以「天朝主義」形容北京對港政策,始見於陳冠中先生之《中國天朝主義與香港》,此概念在學術上可稱為「國家建構國族主義」(State-building nationalism),即「中心政權」(Central state)強調吸納和同化「邊陲地區」(Peripheral regions)之國族主義主張,但這種「中心吸納邊陲」之政治操作,往往會引發邊陲地區起而捍衛自主之「邊陲國族主義」(Peripheral nationalism)。有關理論在中港關係上之應用,可參閱 Fong, Brian C.H. (2017). One country, two nationalisms: Center-periphery relations between Mainland China and Hong Kong, 1997–2016. Modern China, 43, 1-34.
[4] 《一國兩制白皮書》全文:http://www.locpg.hk/jsdt/2014-06/10/c_126601135.htm
[5] 《8.31人大決定》全文:http://www.npc.gov.cn/…/12jc…/2014-08/31/content_1876904.htm
[6] 方志恒:〈這是一個時代的終結〉,《立場新聞》,2014年 8月 28日。
[7] Bloom, Peter. 2016. Authoritarian capitalism in the age of globalization. Cheltenham; Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar Pub.
[8] 一個明顯的例子,是2017年的特首選舉中,民主派全力支持「開明建制派」曾俊華,期盼曾俊華當選特首後,中港關係可以重啟良性互動。結果卻是北京「換人不換路線」,拿下了梁振英後,卻換上緊跟其路線的林鄭月娥;北京重整旗鼓後,隨即繼續其天朝主義治港之路線。
[9] 可參閱相關之經典文獻:Hechter, Michael. (1975). Internal colonialism: the Celtic fringe in British national development, Berkeley: University of California Press; Tarrow, Sidney G. (1977). Between center and periphery: grassroots politicians in Italy and France. New Haven: Yale University Press; Rokkan, Stein. (1983). Economy, territory, identity: politics of West European peripheries. London; Beverly Hills: Sage Publications; Bulpitt, Jim. (1983). Territory and power in the United Kingdom: an interpretation. Manchester; Dover, N.H.: Manchester University Press; Meny, Yves and Wright, Vincent. (1985). Centre-periphery relations in Western Europe. London: Allen & Unwin.
[10] Ruane, Joseph and Todd, Jennifer. 2001. 'Centre-Periphery Relations in Britain, France and Spain: Theorising the Contemporary Transition', Working Paper, “Centres and Peripheries in a Changing World”. Grenoble: European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR) Joint Sessions.
[11] 當然,以更廣闊之地緣政治視野看香港,香港實際上是處於「多中心衝突下之邊陲」(Periphery of multiple centers)的地緣政治結構,即一方面中港關係此一最核心之中心邊陲關係,是形塑香港政治之結構性主軸;另一方面,香港亦同時身處在中國和美國兩大「地緣政治中心政權」(Geopolitical centers)爭霸下之夾縫地位,是故中美關係也成為牽動香港政治之次軸。為了令討論更加聚焦,本書將集中於論述中港關係此一最核心之結構性主軸。有關香港政治的地緣政治思考,可參閱:Wu, Rwei-Ren. (2016) The Lilliputian dreams: preliminary observations of nationalism in Okinawa, Taiwan and Hong Kong. Nations and Nationalism, 22: 686–705;李家翹:《中國和香港──國家與城市的探戈》(端傳媒,2017),網址:https://theinitium.com/a…/20170627-opinion-nelsonlee-hkchina。
[12] 由晚清民國時期至中共改革開放前,港英政府始終主動積極經營對中關係,例如在開埠早期開辦著重雙語教授中西文化之中央書院,就向中國傳播西學之考慮,早年不少畢業生就受聘於清政府和中國企業;1912年港英政府成立香港大學,同樣有增加對華軟實力之考慮,計劃還得到當時兩廣總督袁樹勛支持;1929-1931年間,港英政府和國民黨廣東省政府保持友好關係,兩地政府並且合作剿共;1949年中共建政後,港英政府一面重視保持與北京關係(例如1950年率先承認中華人民共和國),但亦一方面試圖力保香港之自主性(例如1960至1970年代發展獨立供水系統)。有關港英政府如何應對中國,可參閱:鄺健銘:《港英時代:英國殖民管治術》(香港:天窗出版社,2011),第四章。
[13] 近年,中國作為中心政權之向外擴張,當然最能體現在「一帶一路」(即陸上的「絲綢之路經濟帶」與海上的「21世紀海上絲綢之路」)之倡議上。可參閱:中國官方「一帶一路網」:https://www.yidaiyilu.gov.cn
[14] Stewart, Charles J., Smith, Craig Allen, and Denton, Robert E., Jr. 2012. Persuasion and social movements. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press, pp. 15-16 and 62-71.
[15] Wolff, Stefan and Weller, Marc. 2005. “Self-determination and autonomy: a conceptual introduction”, in Marc Weller and Stefan Wolff, eds., Autonomy, self-governance and conflict resolution: innovative approaches to institutional design in divided societies. London; New York: Routledge, 1-25.
[16] Wolff, Stefan and Weller, Marc. 2005. “Self-determination and autonomy: a conceptual introduction”, in Marc Weller and Stefan Wolff, eds., Autonomy, self-governance and conflict resolution: innovative approaches to institutional design in divided societies. London; New York: Routledge, 1-25.
[17] 《公民權利和政治權利國際公約》全文:http://www.un.org/chinese/hr/issue/ccpr.htm
[18] Sterio, Milena. 2013. The right to self-determination under international law: "selfistans", secession and the rule of the great powers. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge. Chapter 1.
[19] 國際法上,只有「人民」(Peoples)才享有「自決權」。國際法學者Milena Sterio指出,「人民」並不直接等同「國族」(Nation)或「少數族群」(Minority),是否「人民」需要符合兩個原則:一是「客觀驗證」(Objective test),即該地區的民眾是否有一個共同的種族背景、族群、語言、宗教、歷史及文化傳承,以及此等民眾是否完整地管理該地區;第二是「主觀驗證」(Subjective test),即該地區的民眾是否自覺地認為自己是一群「獨特社群」(Distinctive group),共享一種獨特的身份認同。要論述和倡議香港人擁有「內部自決權」,關鍵是要建構和普及「香港主體意識」── 在香港的情況,自港英時代開始,香港已是一個華洋共處的社會,不同族裔的香港居民共同生活,加上1950年代設立中港邊境管制後,已逐步形成一個有別於中國大陸的政治社群;其後香港經濟起飛、港英政府啟動行政改革、粵語流行文化興起,進一步形成自由、法治、廉潔、粵語等香港核心價值和文化(相對於中國大陸這個「他者」)。有關「人民」之定義,可參閱:Sterio, Milena. 2013. The right to self-determination under international law: "selfistans", secession and the rule of the great powers. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge. Chapter 1.
[20] 南提洛爾人從墨索尼里法西斯統治時期(1920-1945)、到民主意大利時代(1945-現在)的本土運動經驗,應該有助於香港人思考本土運動的自強之道。另外本書第7章,也提及了加泰隆尼亞人從佛朗哥軍人政權時期(1936-1975)、到民主西班牙時代(1975-現在)的本土運動,也是值得當下香港人參考的重要歷史案例。
[21] 納迪克.安德森:《想像的共同體:民族主義的起源與散布》(台北市:時報文化,2015),頁343。
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