[英語單字學習VI]
你不能不知道的重音常識!
除了之前我們所提及的單字語音常識之外,「重音」在字彙的發聲中也扮演了重要的角色。英語母語人士在說英文時,他們憑著直覺發出最自然純正的聲音,而不需要思考單字的重音。然而,當英語為第二外語的學習者,在與英語母語人士溝通時,重音沒有放對音節的話,很有可能會遇到以下兩個問題:
1. 他們會發現自己聽不懂外國人在說些什麼,尤其是遇到講話速度又快的母語人士。
2.英語母語人士也可能無法理解他們在講什麼,或是會錯意他們要表達的訊息。
因此,為了避免溝通上的窘境,在了解重音之前,讓我們先來看看音節的組成:
1個音節:dog, green, quite
2個音節:qui-et, or-ange, ta-ble
3個音節:ex-pen-sive
4個音節:in-ter-est-ting, re-al-is-tic
5個音節:un-ex-cep-tion-al
英文單字成千上萬,當然音節不是只有五大類,不過同學不用擔心,超過五個音節的單字通常都不在4000常用字彙的範疇裡,也就是說,平常外國人在溝通時所用的單字,大約80%都是在常用4000字的範圍裡,除非是專業術語或是組合字。
了解音節的形成後,讓我們來看看什麼是重音?
在英語字彙中,音節的強度不盡相同,除了少數例外的單字,每個音節至少都包含一個母音(a,e,i,o,u),也就是說,重音都是標在有母音的音節。我們在單字音標上的重音符號學會正確的發聲,不過,通常各位同學的觀念是,重音就是將該音節念得比較大聲,其他的音節則相對小聲。老師在此提供更詳細的資訊,重音的特徵分四大類:
1. 聲音的高度(明顯的高低起伏)
2. 母音的長度(相對較長)
3. 母音的完整性與清晰度(K.K音標裡的央音/ə/,絕不會出現在有重音的音節裡)
4. 音量(稍微大聲一點)
在此,我們舉一些實例來說,很多同學都認為 photograph, photographer and photographic這三個單字念起來差不多,其實不然,我們要了解一件事,重音不一定會落在同一個音節上,如:PHOtograph, phoTOgrapher, phtoGRAphic。
這三個字是很多英語學習者往往會面臨到的發音問題,讓我們再來舉一些較簡單的例子,比如說:TEACHer, JaPAN, CHINa, aBOVE, converSAtion, INteresting, imPORtant, deMAND, etCETera, etCETera, etCETera。
同學們是否都唸對了呢?
給同學一個小觀念,英語母語人士在聽英文時只會著重在重音節而不是其它音節。如果你在講英文時隨時注意單字的重音,講久了你會發現,你的發音會變得自然許多。
至於重音要放在哪裡呢?當然它還是有一定的規則,只不過這些規則稍顯複雜。其實,根據老師多年的教學經驗,最有效習得單字重音的辦法在於經驗法則,只要多聽多唸,直覺自然培養成形。在這裡提供一個小小訣竅,當你學到一個新的字彙時,你應該也會學到它的重音。同學們若有自己的單字筆記,不妨將重音標在正確的音節上,唯有多聽多唸,這些單字才會藉由聽覺記憶成功輸送到你腦袋裡的語言區塊。
在這裡有一些規則可以幫助你了解如何把重音放在正確的位置上。但不要過於依賴這些規則,同學們要知道,「凡有規則,必有例外」。如上述所言,一個好的方法在於感受語言的聲音,自然就會知道重音應該落在哪裡。規則如下:
1.一個字只會有一個重音。(一個字不會有兩個重音,如果你聽到了兩個重音,代表你聽到了兩個字。當然,在語言學的範疇裡,「次要重音」(secondary stress) 是存在的,但是,「次要重音」比「主要重音」(primary stress) 來得弱,而且它只是用在較長的單字。)
2. 我們只能在有母音的音節上標記重音,子音卻不可行。
※重音落在第一音節的字(大多數):
◎兩個音節的名詞:PRESent, EXport, CHIna, TAble
◎兩個音節的形容詞:PRESent, SLENder, CLEVer, HAPpy
※重音落在第二音節的字(大多數):
◎兩個音節的動詞:preSENT, to exPORT, to deCIDE, to beGIN, to forGET
然而,有很多兩個音節的字,它們的意思會因為音節的轉換而有所改變,比如說present是兩個音節的字,如果我們將重音放在第一音節,PREsent,當作名詞,是「禮物」的意思,當作形容詞,是「在場的」的意思。如果我們將重音放在第二個音節,preSENT,它會變成動詞,表示「贈送、引見」之意。更多的例子,如:export和import, contract 和object可以是名詞或是動詞,在於它們的重音落在哪一個音節。
※重音落在倒數第二音節的單字
◎很多三個音節的單字以-ic結尾,如:GRAPHic, geoGRAPHic, geoLOGic,以sion或tion結尾的單字,如:mediCAtion, revoLUtion
不過,少數的幾個字,有些母語人士不認為要放在倒數第二音節,像他們會把teleVIsion說成TELevision,另一個典型的例子是,把CONtroversy說成conTROversy。
※重音落在倒數第三個音節
◎四個音節的重音字尾為-cy, -ty, -phy或是–gy,如:deMOcracy, dependaBIlity, phoTOgraphy, geOlogy,或是字尾為al,如CRItical, geoLOgical。
◎複合字(compound words)
以名詞舉例來說,第一音節為重音的單字,如:BLACKbird, GREENhouse
以形容詞舉例來說,第二音節為重音的單字,如:bad-TEMpered, old-FASHioned
以動詞舉例來說,第二音節為重音的單字,如:tounderSTAND, to overFLow
延伸視聽學習資源:
Word Stress Introduction: https://www.englishclub.com/pronunciation/word-stress-2.htm
General rules: https://www.englishclub.com/pronunciation/word-stress-rules.htm
Quiz: https://www.englishclub.com/pronunciation/word-stress-quiz.htm
Script and sound file: http://esl.about.com/od/speakingadvanced/a/sscripting.htm
Intonation Class 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WX1rrFh4OZw
Intonation Class 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rMLym5C3FHo
Intonation Class 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3gOuZxNfynk
Intonation Class 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZY8MlaYDPA
Image source: http://reallifebh.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/intonation-picture.jpeg
Vocabulary Words+學習單字的方式: http://goo.gl/D8uxuV
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過10萬的網紅MONGABONG,也在其Youtube影片中提到,Dropping Part 2 and this time, my girls test me on commonly misspelled and mispronounced English words! ? I challenge you guys to take out a pen and p...
pen pronunciation 在 玳瑚師父 Master Dai Hu Facebook 八卦
【玳瑚師父玄學論】 «給姓名學的外行»
For the Layman in Name Analysis (English version below)
孔聖人很有名的一句話: 名不正,言不順。是的,倘若一個人的姓名唸出口、聽入耳皆不順,他、她自己不愿採用,又如何得到這姓名的加持呢?
在這漫長的十多年裡,吾都「馬不停蹄」、廢寢忘食的埋頭鑽研祖先遺留給我們的珍貴寶藏,也是我們中華五千多年,博大精深之學問«玄學»。事實上,到今時今日,吾依然研究之,正所謂:活到老,學到老。吾想這也應該是,學者應有的心態與情操。
因吾「非一般」的研究,因此自認「手工」是優質的。但這裡畢竟是人間,很難有圓滿的。多年來,吾的「手工」真實的獲得肯定,讚譽也非常的多。肯定與讚譽之外,是有一些不欣賞者。其實,並不是不欣賞,而是吾不願妥協於他,她無知與無禮的索求。坦白說,他她要怎麼想,吾倒是不在乎,但吾的內心是感恩的,感恩您曾選擇吾的服務。總然是陳年舊事,吾在這裡還是真心感謝您們,並衷心祝福您們,能遇到比吾更優秀的師父,為您們排憂解難。
姓名學的內涵,是不簡單的。要為一個人撰名,首先一定要有他她的「生辰四柱」。姓名學本來就是補先天之不足啊!其次就是對漢字,要有一定且足夠的認識。再來就要懂得五行生克制化的原理。單單這三個要素,就已經考倒很多很多人了。可是要為一個人撰名,懂得以上三個要素,還是不足夠的。你妳還必須要懂得姓名學的吉凶筆劃、字的音靈以及字的字意,等等。若是為女性撰名,你妳還得要兼顧她是否嫁的出去、未來婚姻生活美不美滿、會否有小孩、用了新名字會不會比之前更美(一笑)、瘦身可否成功(一笑),等等。
其實不祇這一些,撰名的師父還得扛對方的業障,每一位師父都不例外。因為良名必配福氣之人,歹名必配福薄之人。所以舉凡來找吾撰名的人,吾必告知他,她應常積善德,所求才能如願以償。
要得良名真的是要靠福份。而福份來自於孝順、行善佈施、起心動念、言談舉止,等等。有了福份,我們自然而然會碰到有德的師父,賜予我們良名。好的姓名是立桿見影的。姓名的力量,實不可忽視啊!
過去向吾"不得要領"的你妳,若有緣觀讀這「給姓名學的外行」文章後,能解你妳心中的"火",並化為清涼,剛好可以應節,來個天涼好過秋,也可增長智慧,哈!哈!哈!真是太棒了。
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Confucius the Sage has a famous phrase: "If the name is not proper, so will your speech". Imagine if a person's name comes out weird when read or is jarring to the ears, the person will be reluctant to use his or her name. How will the name be able to empower the person?
The last 10 over years have been a relentless pursuit to uncover the treasure cove passed down by our forefathers. This treasure which encompassed 5000 years of ancient Chinese wisdom is known as Chinese Metaphysics. Up till today, the learning never stops. As the saying goes "Live a day, learn a day", this is the correct mindset and attitude a student of Chinese Metaphysics should possess.
Due to my extraordinary level of research, my 'handwrought' skills are of a high quality. Alas, we are still in the mortal world and things can never be perfect. Over the years, my quality of work has attracted praises and acknowledgements. Of course, I have my fair share of naysayers due to the fact that I refuse to accede to their ignorant and rude requests. Frankly speaking, I ain't bothered by their opinions of me. I am still very grateful that they engaged my service in the first place. It may be a thing of the past, but my gratitude remains and I wish them well and that they will meet a better master than me to solve their problems.
The essence of Name Analysis is not simplistic. To pen an auspicious name, firstly, you have to know the 4 pillars of the client's birth chart. The purpose of the new name is to address the elemental deficiencies in the birth chart. Secondly, you must have a good grasp and understanding of Chinese characters, and thirdly, you need to know the fundamentals of the 5 elements and their interaction principles. The above 3 requisites have already sent many people packing.
But that is not all. You need to know the auspiciousness behind the character strokes, the pronunciation tone and the meaning of the individual Chinese characters. If the client is a female, there would be more considerations like the effect of the new name on her marriage, her fertility, if it will make her prettier *laugh* and/or give her a slimmer figure *laugh* etc.
Not only that, the Master also has to shoulder the negative karma of the client. This applies to all regardless which Master you engage. An auspicious name belongs to a person with good fortune. An inauspicious name certainly belongs to a person with poor fortune. Thus I never fail to tell those who come to me for an auspicious name to accumulate more merits for their wishes in life to be fulfilled.
To have a good name requires a large amount of merits. The sources of these merits come from filial piety, generosity in giving, kind thoughts and intentions, moral conduct etc. Once the merit is accumulated, we would naturally meet a good Master with morals who is willing to pen an auspicious name for you. An auspicious name will yield an immediate effect. Do not underestimate the power of a good name!
For those of you who are unable to appreciate my teachings, I hope if you have the affinity to read this article, it will douse the "fire" in your heart. May it also douses the heat in this weather for a cool autumn and enables your wisdom to arise. Ha! That would be great!
pen pronunciation 在 玳瑚師父 Master Dai Hu Facebook 八卦
【玳瑚師父玄學論】 《妳你的姓,妳你的名》
The Surname & Name of Yours (English version below)
那一天的《以茶會友》,在來客要回府前,機緣巧合下,吾隨筆當場演化,難得一見的「姓名大法」第三層功力,在座的每一位無不驚嘆有佳,獲益匪淺,歡喜而去。但是,她他們雖嘆未曾有,吾卻感嘆始終還有如此多人不識姓名的內涵與重要。就因如此,吾還得教授大家姓名另一層次的學問。
打個比方說,有三個人要為他們的子女命名,可是他們都是不諳姓名學的,于是,害了自己的子女。障礙終生以外,還得飽受她他人的嘲笑。這三個人分別姓馬、姓麥及姓倪,他們「無知」地為他們的子女命名如下:
馬必清
麥仙
倪友賓
顧名思義,姓馬的那一位,是想讓其公子一生做人清白。姓麥的那一位,則希望其千金,一生快樂清雅似神仙。姓倪那一位,則希望其公子對所有的友人,視如貴賓,常樂境安。可是卻無心插柳,讓他們的子女,成為廣大的笑柄。可憐啊!可憐。
姓馬的公子,因為取了馬必清,音似馬屁精,而成為職場上最不受歡迎的人。姓麥的千金,因為取了麥仙,音似福建話的,不要吹牛,害得她被人誤以為,很會蓋。至於姓倪的公子,運氣看來較差,取名為倪友賓,音似你有病,導致少人敢或肯接近他,同樣可憐。
相信不用吾說,大家應已知曉,吾要告訴大家,命名必須得注意字意與字音,勿讓妳你寶貝子女無法抬頭做人。
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That day at the Tea Session, just before everyone was about to leave, an affinity arose and I wielded my pen to demonstrate the rarely seen Art of the Name Level 3. They were amazed and benefited immensely. Alas, as they expressed their amazement, I felt sorry that many people still do not understand the importance and intension of a name. Therefore, I shall now impart to everyone another knowledge level behind the Art of the Name.
Take for example, there are 3 persons who choose a name for their children. However, they are not versed in the art of name selection and as a result, bring harm to their children. Besides setting up obstacles for their children's lives, the children are made the brunt of many cruel jokes. These 3 persons has the surname of "Ma", "Mai" and "Ni" respectively, and they unknowingly gave the following names to their children:
馬必清 Ma Bi Qing
麥仙 Mai Xian
倪友賓 Ni You Bing
As the name implies, Mr Ma aspires his son to be a clean-handed person, while Mr Mai hopes for his daughter to be as happy and elegant like a fairy. Mr Ni wishes for his son to treat all his friends like honoured guests and be happy and safe always. However, their good intentions turned out to be crude jokes made on their children. How pitiful!
The son with the name "馬必清 Ma Bi Qing" has similar pronunciation as "馬屁精 Ma Pi Jing" which means a bootlicker. He subsequently became the most unpopular person at work. The daughter with the name "麥仙 Mai Xian" has a name that sounds like "Mai Xian" in Hokkien which means not to brag. This causes her to be misunderstood as a braggart. The son with the name "倪友賓 Ni You Bing" is no better off either. His name sounds like you are ill. That causes people around him to avoid him like a plague. How pathetic!
Without me saying, everyone should know by now that in choosing a name, you ought to take note of the meaning and pronunciation of a character, so as not to let your children hang their heads in shame.
www.masterdaihu.com/the-surname-name-of-yours/
pen pronunciation 在 MONGABONG Youtube 的評價
Dropping Part 2 and this time, my girls test me on commonly misspelled and mispronounced English words! ? I challenge you guys to take out a pen and piece of paper and do this along with me! Let me know in the comments box how you fared in this one! ?
Have you watched Part 1 yet?: https://youtu.be/AlewP52IpzY
DISCLAIMER
Footage for this video was shot before the Circuit Breaker Measures in Singapore kicked in on the 7th of April. Team Mongabong has been working from home safely since then.
I hope you guys are well. Stay home, stay safe and enjoy this video! ❤️
Share with me your video ideas in the comment box down below! Hopefully I’ll be able to use this time and create more interesting content for you guys! ❤️
Mermaid Hairstyle Tutorial - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDkkBGceEgc
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FAQ
Hello! My name is Mong Chin and I'm from sunny Singapore. I am 1.63m and I am Singaporean Chinese. I speak English, Mandarin and am currently learning Korean in my free time. I love all things beauty and fashion, and I also like to share my life here. I hope you guys enjoy watching my videos!
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