in a while例句的八卦，YOUTUBE、PTT和Yahoo名人娛樂都在討論

[專頁公告] 英文學習「生態系」更新

English Learning Ecosystem Update

As I began exploring Instagram, I struggled to find a way to deliver useful academic content. Instagram posts typically focus on images, short clips, and concise text, which are attention grabbing but not always entirely conducive to language learning. I looked over the posts of established Instagram English learning accounts, and experimented with vocabulary posts and even news posts for a couple of weeks. Not wanting to post just images, I thought about creating something new even with the rigid format of the platform.

當我開始研究怎麼用IG，我想盡了各種辦法，希望能提供大家一些實用的學術內容。 IG 的特色著重在圖片、短片以及簡潔的文字，這樣的方式雖然很容易引人注目，卻不全然有助於語言學習。我瀏覽了 IG 上英文教學網紅的貼文，並在這幾週嘗試發了一些學術單字與新聞相關的文章。我並不想只是發一些圖片，而思考著要如何在既有框架下創作一些新的東西。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

A tenet of using tech in education is to engage students with what they are familiar with, not give them an entirely new platform that is difficult to use. So, how could I create a new series of Instagram posts that is both educational and unique? I thought about my goal to disseminate academic English resources, and how I could leverage my experience as a curriculum writer and voice recording artist for public school textbooks.

一個使用科技進行教育的原則是用學生熟悉的方式與他們互動，而非用了全新的平台卻使他們難以學習。那麼，我應該如何創作獨特且具教育意義的一系列全新 IG 發文呢？我想到了我傳遞學術英文資源的目標，以及思考到該如何發揮身為教科書編輯者與音頻錄製者的經驗。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

So far, this is what I have at the moment. I will post Word of the Day (每日一詞), high frequency vocabulary words that you see in academic texts and sometimes on the news. These Tier 2 academic vocabulary words are not exclusive to a single domain and complement the theme-based approach I’ve taken with my mind-mapping vocabulary class. You can find other vocabulary learning methods here.

這是我目前所想到的內容：我會發布「每日一詞」，也就是學術文章或是新聞中有時出現的高頻字彙。這些Tier 2學術詞彙並不限於單個領域，更補充了我在心智圖詞彙攻略課程中採用的主題式學習法。你還可以在下面網站找到其他詞彙學習方法。

🎓 詞彙學習方法：http://bit.ly/2JGXKvK

In these posts, I added the pronunciation, collocation, and example sentences of each word for students. These words will be helpful to university-level students who often read academic texts and the news. Students can access them by simply clicking on the hashtag 學術英語單字.

在這些貼文中，我為學生提供了發音、搭配用法和例句。這些單字會對經常閱讀學術文章和新聞的大學程度學生有所幫助。學生只要點貼文上的＃學術英語單字即可看到貼文。

🎓 學術英文單字: https://bit.ly/3cxH091

★★★★★★★★★★★★

To help students use more precise and common academic phrases, I then added Academic Phrases (每日一句), set phrases that appear in both academic speech and writing. These phrases have varying functions from introducing a topic to comparing and contrasting ideas. There is a difference between speech and writing, so I picked words that could be used for both. If one is used only in a specific context, I will make note of it in the video recording. This series of posts will help students with language output, and can be found under the following hashtag 學術英語片語.

為了幫助學生使用更精準、更道地的常見學術用語，我們接著會進入「每日一句」，也就是在學術演說與寫作中常見的用語。這些片語具有不同的功能，範圍涵蓋介紹主題到比較、對比想法等等。而演講和寫作之間也有不同，所以我選擇了都可以使用的片語。如果只能在特定情況下使用，我會在影片中特別說明。該系列文章將會幫助學生提高語言輸出能力，可以在 # 學術英語片語找到。

🎓 學術英文片語: https://bit.ly/3aqaQcP

★★★★★★★★★★★★

Last, I will follow up with an abridged version of breaking news (時事英文) with high frequency collocations and audio recordings. This will provide students with the input of not only individual words, but how to use them in output (speech and writing) with context. While all these news posts might seem independent at first, I will eventually link and organize them by theme when there are enough posts. Along with my news class, these extra posts will help students stay aware of current events, acquire set phrases used in journalism, and develop critical thinking. These posts can currently be found under the hashtag EEL時事英文.

最後，我們會跟進精簡版的「時事英文」，其中包含高頻搭配詞與錄音資料。這些內容不僅可以提供你們輸入單字，而且可以幫助你們知道如何搭配情境輸出，再將這些內容使用在口說與寫作中。這些貼文一開始雖然看似獨立，當素材足夠後我會再將他們進行連結與整理。這些貼文和我的新聞課程將幫助學生維持對時事的敏銳度，掌握新聞中使用的固定用法，並養成批判性思維。這些貼文目前可以在 # EEL時事英文。

🎓 批判性思考問題大全: http://bit.ly/34rdtJ7

🎓 EEL時事英文: https://bit.ly/36tDusv

★★★★★★★★★★★★

There is a lot more I want to do to create an ecosystem of free academic English learning materials. I will continue modifying our post format to meet your needs, but these are my plans for Instagram thus far. Join us on our journey to make bilingual academic English resources more readily available to all! Let’s continue to learn and grow together!

建立免費的學術英文學習系統是件大工程，我會持續修改我們發文的格式以符合你們的需求與習慣，這些只是我目前 IG 學術英語學習計畫的一部分。加入我們的旅程來讓雙語的學術英文資源更加普及！讓我們一起學習與成長！

★★★★★★★★★★★★

🎓 學術英文單字: https://bit.ly/3cxH091

🎓 學術英文片語: https://bit.ly/3aqaQcP

🎓 EEL時事英文: https://bit.ly/36tDusv

🎓 批判性思考問題大全：http://bit.ly/34rdtJ7

🎓 該如何學習英文？http://bit.ly/3inxdCP

★ 救救菜英文 English "C"hinglish: 從今天起讓英語學習重生 ★

無論是在課堂中還是在部落格上，我都不止一次提到"collocations" "chunking learning" "associative learning" 等對英語學習的重要性。如果學習英語沒有用對方法，很多英語機構廣告所說 "學英語應當像學習母語一樣簡單" "~天讓你說一口好英文" 都是不可能的。

沒有依從chunking learning 之下的中式英文:

(1) 學生寫: Because of that, he was *astonished by *numerous culture shocks while studying in America.

---在學culture shock 一詞時，不可只學到其意思; 應當多看句子（culture shock 出現句子的「前後句子」也要看, 必須了解其discourse environment） 看這字常出現在什麼環境。shock本身已受到驚嚇和困惑，不需要再be astonished. 看多了, 也會慢慢發現母語人士不太常說 “很多文化衝擊”，因此將culture shock 加上numerous 也不是母語人士所習慣的用法。

例1: Foreign students often experience culture shock when they first come to the U.S.

例2: Callum, recently arrived in Glasgow, is jobless, homeless, friendless, and suffering from culture shock.

例3: They often encountered difficult culture shock while studying in Paris.
看完三句例句，應當記得: experience culture shock, suffer from culture shock, encounter culture shock 此三種用法。

(2) 學生寫: By doing so, students may be able to *gain their likelihood of getting jobs after graduation. ---因為中文也是增加可能性，因此此生用錯不完全是受中文影響。筆者發現，學生學習gain, acquire, 和 obtain 三字後，有過度使用此三字的現象，使用時要特別注意喔。

---請用: increase/enhance/improve the likelihood of…

(3) 學生寫: After that, two recessions *happened in Germany…

若有經常看商業性文章的學生一定知道，經濟不景氣在英文裡不會“發生”; 當將其看成 「狀態」時, 是國家 (Germany, in this case)的狀態; 所以依句意不同，請用 國家 face / experience / enter / suffer (from) / prevent / survive;

若真的要將經濟不景氣看成「事件」，則使用 begin / hit
(When recession hit just a few months later in 1989, they went under.)

因此大家可以看到，上面的錯誤都「不是」下列如此「一英文一中文」的學習方法可以避免的, 當然, 我從不否認那是第一步。但一定要記得，如果只做了第一步，那大概只對寫選擇題的考題有效益喔

recession (n.) 經濟蕭條、不景氣
culture shock (n.) 文化衝擊
likelihood (n.) 可能性

[詞彙區別] constitute, compose, consist of, comprise, account for, make up 的區別

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

詞彙區別: http://wp.me/p44l9b-16B

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

在寫作的時候，有些同學為了避免重複使用相同的詞彙，卻選用了意義上不盡相同的詞，而無法精確地表達出自己所想傳達的想法。這問題很可能來自於考生平時在語言學習上過於依賴中英翻譯，因此在不夠了解某些詞彙精準的用法的情況下，很容易造成讀者的誤解。

為了幫助同學增加詞彙量並且精確地在口說和寫作上使用這些字，我建議同學們不要一開始的時候就死記硬背一群同義詞彙 (e.g. decline, decrease, diminish, dwindle, reduce, alleviate) 。雖然如此做會快速幫同學累積對這些詞的認知，可是認知都會停留在模糊階段。建議同學先熟悉其中一兩個單詞以後在開始累積相關的同義詞彙，也應該用搭配詞跟片語加上完整的例句和短文來輔助自己對單詞的理解。同時同學們也應該在使用這些單詞之前先查查字典，更進一步了解這些詞彙的使用方式。

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

1. constitute: to constitute something is to form a whole, especially of dissimilar components: Love and hate can constitute a balanced relationship.

constitute 所“構成”的事物在屬性和特徵上，亦或在組織上，與組成成分是一致的。

-Seven days constitutes a week (七天構成一個星期。).

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

2. Compose: to compose means the same as to constitute, but implies that the components have something in common: Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.

在表示“由……材料構成”時，見於被動語態；在用於主動語態時，一般它所表示的“構成”或“組成”總包含著融合為一，而且主語或者是複數名詞或者是集體名詞。

-Concrete is composed of cement, sand and gravel mixed with water. (混凝土由水泥、砂、石子與水摻和而構成。 )

-Mere facts, when badly stated, do not compose a good book. (僅僅有資料，如果陳述得很糟糕，並不能組成一本好書)

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

3. account for: 說明（原因、理由等）; 導致，引起; （在數量、比例上）; 占 (e.g. This group accounted for 60% of the population.)

(在數量、比例上）占

These products, in total, account for about 80％ of all our sales (這些產品總共約占我們全部銷售額的80％。).

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

4. make up: 組成 to combine together to form something [= constitute]:

-Women make up only a small proportion of the prison population. 女人只佔監獄人口的一小部分。

-The committee is made up of representatives from every state (委員會由每個州的代表組成的。).

-Children makes up only 10% of the population (兒童只佔人口的10％。).

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

5. consist of: to consist of something is to be made up of it: A lethal dose of nerve agent VX consists of only 10 milligrams.

consist of 的含義與被動語態的 compose 相同

-Though the costume consists only of a sheet, it was very effective. (雖然那件化裝服裝僅由一條床單組成，但效果很好。)

-This group consists of men, women, and children.
(這個小組由男人，女人和孩子們組成的。).

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

6. comprise: to comprise something has the same meaning as to consist, often implying that the whole is regarded from the point of view of its individual parts: The chain is comprised of many links, and is only as strong as its weakest.

comprise 在表示“構成”時，其內涵是“包括”或“覆蓋”*

-The committee comprises men of widely different views (這個委員會由見解甚為懸殊的人組成。).

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

從這些動詞的意思來看，若要表示數個個體或項目組成一個整體時，我們可用 compose 或 constitute。

England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland compose/constitute the United Kingdom.

(英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭組成了聯合王國。)

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

若要表示一個整體是由個數個體或項目所組成時，我們可用 comprise* 或 consist of / be composed of 。

(compose 經常用於被動態，而以 be composed of 的型式出現，意思和用法跟 consist of 完全一樣。)

-The United Kingdom comprises*/consists of/is composed of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.

(聯合王國是由英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭所構成)

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

詳細的說明: http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

*在這幾個字當中，僅 comprise 兼具其他字的意思，但它也是最麻煩、最讓人困擾的字。英語 評論人士強烈反對 comprise 被用作 constitute 的意思以及 comprise 以被動態形式 be comprised of 來表示 consist of 的意思，所以對於 Fifty states comprise the United States. (五十個州組成了美國) 和 The United States is comprised of fifty states. (美國是由五十個州所組成) 這樣的句子結構，他們期期以為不可，而堅持只有 The United States comprises fifty states. 才是唯一正確的用法。但他們反對的這兩種用法其實早已是不 折不扣的標準英語，一些新版的字典甚至將 be comprised of 堂而皇之地列為片語，如 The course is comprised of ten core modules. (這門課是由 10 個核心單元組成)。然而，在公說公有理，婆說婆有理，各有堅持的情況下，在此建議：若使用 comprise 會讓你覺得心虛或沒把握，那麼不妨使用它的同義詞，也就是沒有爭議的 constitute, consist of 或 be composed of 來代替之。

*An interesting history of sense development concerning the word comprise has caused confusion, if not hate for the word itself. The most common mistake is confusing consist and comprise with each other. To say A lethal dose of nerve agent VX comprises of only 10 milligrams, is wrong because it is not analyzed from each separate component or milligram, but rather as a whole dose. In fact, there is a lot of skepticism and criticism of the word “comprise” all together. “None of the many neat schemes purporting to describe its correct use seems accurately to describe the way Standard English users actually employ comprise.” (Bartleby) Thus it is suggested to use constitute and/or compose as active verbs, while consists and/or includes as passive. However, if your use of the word can clearly indicate its context, separate from the its other accepted use, choosing a substitute is not necessary.

Also, ”Comprises” is "better" grammar than ”is comprised of.” “The whole comprises multiple parts” is better than, “The whole is comprised of multiple parts.” Even better though is, “Multiple parts comprise the whole."

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

Sources:
http://www.bartleby.com/68/3/1403.html
http://bulo.hjenglish.com/question/33021/
http://blog.cybertranslator.idv.tw/archives/2590
http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/dictionaries/english/data/d0081813.html
http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html
http://everything2.com/title/consist%252C+comprise%252C+constitute%252C+or+compose

More sentences:
-The pie chart consists of/comprises of the percentages of four different fuel sources used in electricity production.

-Electricity (that is) produced with coal composed/constituted/accounted for 50% of the total electricity (that is)produced.

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

contain vs. include:
Contain: Something is considered to be within something else.

The toy contains many small moving parts. ->The small moving parts are a part of the toy.

Include: Something is added to something else, possibly containing it, possibly not.

-This toy includes batteries. -> The batteries are not a part of the toy. They just come with the toy.

10個look片語 #01 (第一支影片)
https://youtu.be/_caw9bMfJlo

look at 看著
look for 尋找
look into 調查；研究
look up 查找
look over 快速看過

**************************
我的新頻道：歡迎加入
學習單字發音與用法，實用例句，延伸句，情境句
Say and learn words with Gina
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuzfZrVItqnsuYZlW5ubdtQ

加入吉娜英文FB 粉絲頁
學習更多道地美式口語英文
https://www.facebook.com/wordsgo/

****************
吉娜提供教學服務：
KK音標課程
基礎英文從頭學起
學好英文諮詢
請寫信到
webmaster@wordsgo.com

****************
look out 小心；注意；保護
Look out! There’s a car coming.
Look out! That snake is poisonous.
小心！有一輛車開過來。小心！那隻蛇有毒。

Look out for the exit off the highway. I don’t want to miss it.
你要注意公路的出口。我不想要錯失它。

Her brother always looks out for her. He wants to keep his little sister safe.
她的哥哥總是保護她。他想要維護妹妹的安全。

Look outside. It’s really raining heavily!
你看外面。雨真的下很大！

****************
look down 向下看；小看，瞧不起人
Look down! There’s poop on the ground. Don’t step in it.
看下面。地上有屎。不要踩到。

A: This building is really tall!
B: If you are afraid of heights, don’t look down!
A: 這棟建築度真的很高！
B: 如果你怕高，不要往下看。

He looks down on Mary for having less education. He thinks he’s so much better than her.
他因為瑪莉受比較少的教育就瞧不起她。他自認為他比瑪莉好很多。

Don’t look down on me because I don’t make a lot of money.
不要因為我沒有賺很多的錢就瞧不起我。

****************
look after 照顧
She was hired to look after their two young children.
A: Can you look after my daughter for me?
B: Sure, I can come to your house to watch her.
A: 你可以幫我照顧我的女兒嗎？
B: 可以，我可以去你家顧她。

I hired a babysitter to take care of my child.
我雇用一個保母照顧我的孩子。

I’m taking care of my sister’s dog while she is on vacation.
我正在照顧我姊姊的狗，她在渡假。

****************
look around 到處看看，逛逛，參觀某個地方
A: May I help you?
B: No, thank you. I’m just looking. (I’m just looking around.)
A: 有什麼需要我幫忙的嗎？
B: 不用，謝謝你。我只是看看。

This is the house I’m selling. Have a look around and let me know if you have any questions.
這是我正在賣的房子。你看看，如果有任何問題，請讓我知道。

I’m going to have a look around Costco. Do you want to go with me?
我要去Costco逛逛。你想要跟我去嗎？

I’m looking around for a new apartment. I have to move out of mine soon.
我正在找一間新的公寓。我很快就必須搬出去了。

****************
look forward to 期待；期盼
Thank you for inviting me to dinner on Saturday. I’m looking forward to it.
謝謝你邀請我星期六一起吃晚餐。我非常期待。

A: I’m still thinking about it. Once I make a decision, I’ll let you know.
B: I look forward to hearing from you.
A: 我還在考慮之中。一旦我做決定之後，我會讓你知道。
B: 我期待聽到你的消息。

The children were looking forward to their class trip to the amusement park.
這些孩子們期待遊樂園之行。

She’s looking forward to marrying her boyfriend next year. She’s trying on wedding dresses now.
她期待明年嫁給她的男朋友。她現在正在試穿婚紗。

吉娜手機會員網站：
http://www.ginateacher.com/

聯絡email：
webmaster@wordsgo.com

吉娜手機會員課程：
實用片語 14 課
食物 7 課
病毒 13 個
一般課程 10 課
(課程隨時更新)

一般精選課程：
01 上廁所相關用法
02 生氣不爽三個用字
03 10個口語很棒用字
04 be used to 習慣
05 used to 以前；曾經
06 would 客氣禮貌用法
07 工作相關15實用句
08 壓力很大
09 心情不好
10 我的手機壞了

食物英文：
01 食物好吃
02 食物不好吃
03 食物放久了
04 食物很脆
05 食物很辣
06 餐廳：詢問有位置嗎？
07 餐廳：電話訂位

病毒課程：
01 隔離
02 社交距離
03 呼吸器
04 確診病例
05 14個病毒症狀
06 潛伏期
07 病毒檢測
08 爆發全球大流行
09 疫苗和免疫力
10 口罩與護目鏡
11 封鎖與禁止
12 衛生和消毒酒精
13 感染三個用字

片語課程：
01 take off 脫掉
02 put on 穿上
03 cheer up 振奮起來
04 at first 起初；一開始
05 at last 最後
06 bump into 撞到；巧遇
07 run into 撞上；遇到
08 come across 無意中發現
09 get along 與人相處融洽
10 hang out with 和朋友在一起
11 instead of 相反；替代
12 look forward to 期待；期盼
13 once in a while 偶爾；有時
14 come up with 想出；籌措金錢





would
(1) will 的過去式
(2) 用於現在式，表客氣
(3) 用於假設語氣
(4) would like = want 的客氣用語

輕鬆背5000英文單字影片
如何快速背單字
https://youtu.be/wypSE6WTeBU

輕鬆背5000單字會員課程
打字背單字課程
http://www.wordsgo-members.com/

輕鬆背5000單字
基礎單字試用版本
http://www.wordsgo.com/2000w/2000menu.html

加入吉娜英文FB 粉絲頁
學習更多道地美式口語英文
https://www.facebook.com/wordsgo/

英文片語：
take off
脫掉；起飛；休假，請假

吉娜手機板會員課程：
http://www.ginateacher.com
更多的片語課程：
01 take off 脫掉
02 put on 穿上
03 cheer up 振奮起來
04 at first 起初；一開始
05 at last 最後
06 bump into 撞到；巧遇
07 run into 撞上；遇到
08 come across 無意中發現
09 get along 與人相處融洽
10 hang out with 和朋友在一起
11 instead of 相反；替代
12 look forward to 期待；期盼
13 once in a while 偶爾；有時
14 come up with 想出；籌措金錢
15. be supposed to
16. turn on 打開；背叛
17. turn off 關上；掃興，讓人不開心
18. call off vs. cancel 取消



 輕鬆背5000英文單字影片
如何快速背單字
https://youtu.be/wypSE6WTeBU

輕鬆背5000單字會員課程
打字背單字課程
http://www.wordsgo-members.com/

輕鬆背5000單字
基礎單字試用版本
http://www.wordsgo.com/2000w/2000menu.html

加入吉娜英文FB 粉絲頁
學習更多道地美式口語英文
https://www.facebook.com/wordsgo/

吉娜提供教學服務：
KK音標課程
基礎英文從頭學起
學好英文諮詢
請寫信到
webmaster@wordsgo.com