孕婦不要怕養貓~~~
看看我....我那麼多隻~~~
不要再用這個做藉口....
不要棄養他們....
貓與嬰兒都是你我的孩子~~~
(歡迎轉貼分享)
弓漿蟲症:給臨床醫師的實用指南
Toxoplasmosis: A Practical Guide for the Clinician
資料來源:美國人道協會The Humane Society of the United States
翻譯:社團法人台灣認養地圖協會
作者:
Jeffrey D. Kravetz, MD
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, Connecticut
Department of Veterans Affairs Connecticut
Healthcare System
West Haven, Connecticut
弓漿蟲(Toxoplasma gondii)感染在免疫力正常的人身上通常是沒有症狀的,或僅引發良性的自限感染。然而懷孕婦女若感染了弓漿蟲則可能傳染給腹中的胎兒。弓漿蟲感染可能造成流產及各種畸胎的可能,因此往往引發貓飼主的恐慌。許多孕婦會為了降低感染的危險而棄養貓。這使得準媽媽們因為必須面對失去貓咪家人而承受不必要的壓力。幸運的是,養貓並不一定會提高感染弓漿蟲的風險。認識弓漿蟲的生命週期,以及貓咪在該疾病傳染當中所扮演的角色,有助於減輕對先天性弓漿蟲感染的恐懼。負責初級照護的醫師及產科醫師若具備相關知識,便能夠教導孕婦如何在不放棄貓咪的情況下也能降低感染風險。在飼主懷孕和小孩生下來的期間當中,貓咪理應繼續帶給她幸福與陪伴。
弓漿蟲的生命週期
弓漿蟲是一種絕對細胞內原生動物,所有的哺乳類生物都可能成為其中間宿主,而受其感染。但貓是唯一能夠支持弓漿蟲之有性/無性生殖的完全宿主,也因此在該寄生蟲的生命週期當中扮演了重要角色。弓漿蟲主要以三種形式存活,有性生殖所孕育出的卵囊(Oocyst)會附著於食用了含有弓漿蟲組織囊體(tissue cysts)的貓的小腸內,這些卵囊內有具感染力的生殖芽孢子(sporozoites),將於貓初次受感染的兩週之內形成,這種情形多半發生於戶外獵食的幼貓身上。貓一旦感染過弓漿蟲,便會對其免疫,鮮少再度受到感染。因此唯有在貓初次受到感染時,排泄物才可能帶有卵囊。除此之外,卵囊並不是立即具有傳染性的,而是需要一到五天的時間才能夠孵化,屆時才會具有傳染性(參考:Markell ED, John DT, Krotoski WA. Toxoplasma gondii. In: Markell and Voge’s Medical Parisitology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Penn: WB Saunders Co; 1999: 161-171)。然而具有傳染性的卵囊一旦形成,便可以存活在泥土裡長達五年。速裂殖子(tachyzoites)是快速無性分裂的弓漿蟲,生成於宿主細胞還來不及產生適當的免疫反應之前。但只要宿主的免疫反應開始作用,有機體的分裂便會減慢下來或是停止,並且以慢裂殖子(bradyzoite)的形式保留在組織囊體之中。只要是染有弓漿蟲的中間宿主身上都可以發現這些組織囊體,通常存在其肌肉、肝臟或腦部。所有的哺乳動物都可能帶有組織囊體,而如果這些動物的肉在未經烹煮的情況下被吃進肚子裡,便可能感染給人類。
人類感染弓漿蟲最常見的機轉有三。最常見的是未烹煮的肉類,其中帶有包裹於組織囊體的弓漿蟲慢裂殖子。這些組織囊體可在8%的牛肉、20%的豬肉,以及20%的羊肉當中發現(參考:Beazley DM, Egerman RS. Toxoplasmosi. Sermin Perinatol. 1998;22:332-338)。直接攝入具傳染力的卵囊則是比較少見的傳染方式,而且與貓直接接觸並不太可能傳染。若孕婦在懷孕首度感染弓漿蟲,則可能經由胎盤傳染給胎兒。
為什麼貓不太可能直接傳染弓漿蟲?
貓不太可能直接傳染弓漿蟲給其飼主的理由很多,可由了解弓漿蟲之生命週期來說明。首先,唯有吃下組織囊體的貓會受感染。以貓的群體來說,這包括了在戶外捕食未烹煮的鼠類以及其他嚙齒類動物的戶外貓,以及被飼主餵以生肉的貓。貓是肉食性動物,經常會在食物煮熟前向主人討個幾片來吃。此外,唯有當貓初次接觸到弓漿蟲時,才可能排泄出卵囊,而持續的期間只有二週。一隻在戶外獵食的貓往往當牠是幼貓時便已受感染,所以在長成成貓以後,並不可能傳染弓漿蟲。因此如果純粹以機率來看,直接接觸到會排泄出卵囊的貓的機率微乎其微。
其次,卵囊並非立即具有傳染性,而是需要一到五天的時間孵化,因此如果貓砂每天更換的話,根本不太可能接觸到具傳染性的卵囊。
最後,由於卵囊是由口攝入而傳染,飼主必須先接觸到具有傳染性的糞便後,在沒有洗手的情形下碰到自己的嘴巴,才有可能感染。
因此因直接吃入卵囊而感染幾乎是不太可能的事。一項以252例病例對照法針對孕婦的弓漿蟲感染所作的研究,並無法顯示各種與貓的接觸能夠提高感染風險,包括孕婦飼養幼貓及/或成貓、清理貓砂、貓到戶外狩獵,或餵食生肉給貓(參考:Cook AJ, Gilbert RE, Buffolano W, et al. Sources of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women: European multicenter case-control study. BMJ. 2000; 321: 142-147)。弓漿蟲感染的顯著風險在於食用未烹煮的生肉、接觸土壤,以及至美加、歐洲以外地區旅行。接觸土壤會讓戶外貓所排泄出的具傳染性的卵囊經由排泄物-口腔的管道進入人體。
懷孕期感染弓漿蟲的主要風險在於:食用未煮熟的肉類、接觸土壤、食用生的或未洗淨的蔬菜(大致與接觸土壤的途徑相同),其他許多研究也支持這項發現。這些研究當中只有一項認為清貓砂亦為感染弓漿蟲的風險。
貓飼主如何降低感染弓漿蟲的風險?
根據我們對弓漿蟲的生命週期的認識,以及貓在疾病傳染當中所扮演的角色,醫師們可建議貓咪飼主在懷孕期間較為安全地與貓互動。以下是對懷孕婦女的一般性建議:
1.避免生食肉類。肉必須完全煮熟至看不到粉紅色,而且肉汁呈清澈透明。
2.接觸土壤時戴手套,若不戴手套,則必須徹底洗淨雙手。
3.生食的蔬菜務必徹底洗乾淨。
4.不要棄養貓。
過去未曾接觸過弓漿蟲的婦女,則有首度感染的可能。以下有些建議:
1.只吃包裝飼料的室內貓並不會感染弓漿蟲,因此其貓砂盆並不會成為感染源。
2.吃生肉的戶外或室內貓皆可能感染弓漿蟲,如果這樣的話,孕婦應避免清貓砂,或在清貓砂時應戴橡膠手套。
3.每天換貓砂。
如何診斷弓漿蟲感染?
先天性弓漿蟲症極為罕見,在美國每年大約只有三千位新生兒受感(參考:Markell ED, John DT, Krotoski WA. Toxoplasma gondii. In: Markell and Voge’s Medical Parisitology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Penn: WB Saunders Co; 1999: 161-171)。正如前文所言,只有不具弓漿蟲抗體的孕婦才具有首度感染弓漿蟲的風險。即使是初次感染,也不是所有的孕婦都會傳染給胎兒。弓漿蟲的感染率是隨著娠妊的進展而逐漸提高的,以每三個月為一期來計算,感染率分別是第一期15%,第二期30%,第三期60%。然而因感染而致畸胎的比率則是愈前期愈高。(參考:Beazley DM, Egerman RS. Toxoplasmosi. Sermin Perinatol. 1998;22:332-338)
由於成人的弓漿蟲感染是沒有症狀的,因此診斷胎兒是否感染十分困難。在懷孕的各個階段篩檢弓漿蟲抗體能夠診斷出是否有新的感染,然而IgM抗體檢測(~0.19/1000)的偽陽性比率,以及弓漿蟲的低盛行率都使得篩檢受到質疑,因此在美國並不是被建議的檢測(參考:Lebech M, Andersen O, Christensen NC, et al. Feasibility of neonatal screening for toxoplasma infection in the absence of prenatal treatment. Lancet. 1999; 353: 1834-1837)。此外,確認孕婦初次感染並不能與先天性感染劃上等號。胎兒感染的診斷必須配合影像學以及實驗室檢測。一般最常見的由超音波檢查所發現之胎兒腦室擴大(ventriculomegaly)僅具有20%的敏感度。實驗室評估具有有高敏感度和特異性,但需要侵入性檢查,包括了臍帶穿刺或羊膜穿刺,才能夠藉由聚合酶連鎖反應來檢測弓漿蟲(參考:Beazley DM, Egerman RS. Toxoplasmosi. Sermin Perinatol. 1998;22:332-338)。母體的弓漿蟲症可以利用抗生素有效治療,而治療胎兒先天性感染而額外投予的抗生素的作法也有紀錄。
結論
養貓有許多好處,貓咪所提供陪伴和愛是無法度量的。僅管貓在弓漿蟲的生命週期中扮演了整合性的角色,但貓直接將弓漿蟲傳染給主人的可能性卻是微乎其微。為避免有孕婦的家庭不必要地棄養貓咪,對飼主的衛教是非常重要的。
同時也有2部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過2萬的網紅Mr.生活扉頁,也在其Youtube影片中提到,👉 協助 Mr. 影片其他語言字幕翻譯: http://yt1.piee.pw/KL7C8 👉 歡迎追蹤我的粉絲團: https://www.facebook.com/lifedaymr 👉 歡迎追蹤我的 IG: https://www.instagram.com/mr.lifeday - 而在 6...
healthcare翻譯 在 臺灣吧 - Taiwan Bar Facebook 八卦
臺灣吧將動畫臺灣史 228影片 重新英文配音,
歡迎分享給你身邊世界各地的朋友。
_
在covid19疫情中,
許多人都在問「台灣怎麼抗疫的?」
當世界各地因宵禁和封城引發抗議,疫情卻仍持續升溫時,
臺灣透過公開透明的資訊、民眾與政府的互信合作、
還有精實有經驗的醫療系統,在風雨飄搖的2020,
讓人民維持正常生活、讓經濟依然穩健成長。
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the world questioned, “How did Taiwan manage to contain the virus?
Though many countries are striving to keep its people safe from the pandemic by implementing lockdowns, curfews and facility closures, voices of protest constantly appear.
In Taiwan, on the other hand, people work with the government harmonically during this difficult time. Taiwanese government conducts effective strategies concerning the pandemic and shares the information with the public. Furthermore, thanks to an advanced healthcare system, citizens enjoy prosperity and continue to live normal lives.
﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏
▞ 臺灣的民主化成就,並非一蹴可幾 ▚
﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋
許多國家從專制邁向民主的過程,都曾歷經流血衝突
在74年前的今天,臺灣也同樣經歷一場血腥鎮壓。
在二次大戰結束後,日本戰敗
原本在日本人統治之下的臺灣
被中華民國接收,島民們一下子從
戰敗者變成戰勝者。
中華民國政府接收臺灣後,卻讓
官員貪腐、通貨膨脹、經濟倒退、歧視打壓等問題
越演越烈。衝突在2/28爆發。
這場運動造成大量傷亡,
卻沒有辦法阻止極權統治停下腳步。
1949年,政府甚至展開了長達38年的戒嚴,
許多台灣人在戒嚴期間遭受
不明原因的白色恐怖,從此人間蒸發。
直到1987年解嚴,
並歷經各種針對體制的衝撞與抗爭,
臺灣才漸漸轉型成為大家看到的民主多元國家。
- the Price of Democracy -
The harmonious relationship between the government and the people has lasted, but Rome wasn’t built in one day; Taiwan’s democratic achievement did not come easy. The shift from autocracy to democracy came with bloody fights.
With Japan’s defeat after World War II, the Republic of China government began exercising jurisdiction over Taiwan and reinforced the oppression to secure authorities on the island. Taiwan was plagued with official corruption, inflation, economic recession, and descrimination. The rampant dissatisfaction among civilians escalated and finally ignited the riot of “February 28th” (228) in 1947.
This violence resulted in tens of thousands of deaths. However, the tragedies didn’t end there. In 1949, the government went on to enforce martial law lasting for 38 years during which many people were accused as political dissidents and disappeared by the “White Terror”.
It wasn’t until 1987 that the martial law was lifted. Taiwan underwent various clashes and upheavals to establish a regime, which eventually shaped the vibrant and thriving democracy we have today.
﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏
▞ 228事件、白色恐怖,如何影響了現在的臺灣 ▚
﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋
228事件以及後來的白色恐怖,
在後來的時代裡,一直是台灣人共同承受的創傷記憶。
每年的2/28是228和平紀念日,
在這一天臺灣人會停班停課,
為的是提醒人們,反覆省思這個國家
在民主化道路上所經歷的一場災難。
- The effect of “the 228 incident” and the White Terror on Today’s Taiwan.
The wounds of “the 228 incident” and the White Terror are engraved into the hearts of the people. In memory of the “228 incident”, February 28th is marked as Peace Memorial Day, an official national holiday.
﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏
▞ 寫在228,酒保想說的是 ▚
﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋﹋
「一個人走得快,但一群人走得久」
走過極權體制,讓臺灣更懂得珍惜民主。
臺灣人不只要讓臺灣走得久,還會讓臺灣走得更好。
“Alone we can do so little, together we can do so much. “
After experiencing totalitarianism, the Taiwanese cherish the value of democracy. Together with combined forces, we’ll make Taiwan a better and brighter place.
-
此貼文英文翻譯:RJ
酒保:Irene
healthcare翻譯 在 美z.人生 Facebook 八卦
稍早,川普老大對武漢病毒的發文,還有哥哥收到來自洛杉磯市政府剛剛內部的密件信,文件我不翻譯了,懂英文的自己看!
It’s just the beginning....
-\-\-\-\以下是原文,沒有任何變造-\-\-
Coronavirus Update
The Los Angeles County Department of Public Health (Public Health) has confirmed the first case of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Los Angeles County. The infected person presented themselves for care once they noticed that they were not feeling well and is currently receiving medical treatment. There is no immediate threat to the general public, no special precautions are required, and people should not be excluded from activities based on their race, country of origin, or recent travel if they do not have symptoms of respiratory illness. Los Angeles residents, students, workers, and visitors should continue to engage in their regular activities and practice good public health hygiene as this is the height of flu season across the County. Public Health is working closely with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other federal, state and local agencies to monitor this novel coronavirus that has emerged from Wuhan, China over the past few weeks. This is a rapidly evolving situation and information will be updated as it becomes available.
Additional information about the case:
· This person is a returning traveler from Wuhan City, China.
· The person has been confirmed to have this new strain of coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by the CDC.
· The person is currently receiving appropriate care at a local hospital. In order to protect patient privacy/confidentiality, Public Health is not releasing the location.
· Public Health officials are working to identify persons who may have had close personal contact with this individual, including any friends, family members or health care professionals, to monitor them for signs and symptoms of illness and to take measures to prevent the spread of the virus.
This is the only case of 2019 novel coronavirus in LA County. There are currently 5 cases in the United States.
Public Health issued multiple health advisories beginning in early January informing local healthcare providers in LA County of the current situation. Public Health will continue to provide updates and work with local healthcare providers as the situation evolves.
“LA County is well prepared to manage cases and suspected cases of novel coronavirus. We are working closely with our federal, state and local partners to provide healthcare providers and the public with accurate information about actions we are taking to reduce the spread of novel coronavirus and to care for those who are ill. As with other respiratory illnesses, there are steps that everyone can take to reduce the risk of getting sick from circulating viruses, including coronavirus. This includes remaining home when ill, washing hands with soap and water frequently, and getting vaccinated against flu,” said Barbara Ferrer, PhD, MPH, MEd, Director of Public Health. “Because novel coronavirus is new, we are learning more each day about transmission patterns and incubation periods. We will keep everyone informed as more information becomes available. The risk of transmission of coronavirus in LA County remains low,” she added.
“Public Health, in collaboration with local healthcare, state, and federal agencies, including the California Department of Public Health and CDC, proactively trains for these scenarios and has protocols in place to protect both local communities and healthcare workers,” said Muntu Davis, MD, MPH, Health Officer, Los Angeles County. “We have a strong public health and health care system committed to protecting our communities.”
Health care professionals are reminded to use appropriate infection control practices at all times. Public Health will continue to provide updated information about the diagnosis and management of cases of novel coronavirus to health care providers and all hospitals in the County and relevant partners to both identify and contain any future cases.
For more information about 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), visit LA County's Department of Public Health website at http://www.publichealth.lacounty.gov and the CDC website at https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html.
City of Los Angeles Emergency Management Department
healthcare翻譯 在 Mr.生活扉頁 Youtube 的評價
👉 協助 Mr. 影片其他語言字幕翻譯:
http://yt1.piee.pw/KL7C8
👉 歡迎追蹤我的粉絲團:
https://www.facebook.com/lifedaymr
👉 歡迎追蹤我的 IG:
https://www.instagram.com/mr.lifeday
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而在 6 月 4 號,Miley 也在 IG 上傳一張照片上面寫著 Abortion is healthcare,墮胎應該是健康福利政策,這正是暗諷美國阿拉巴馬州在今年 5/15 由 25 位白人男議員所立下全美最嚴墮胎州法,在這條法律中提到任何人犯下蓄意墮胎或意圖墮胎的行為,均屬違法。只有在孕婦健康受到胎兒的嚴重威脅,才能接受人工流產,違反此法的醫療人員最重將被處以99年徒刑,即使是被強暴、亂倫也必須生下。而發起這項法案的共和黨籍議員查布利斯(Clyde Chambliss)為此辯護:「當上帝在女人的子宮內創造生命的奇蹟時,作為人類,我們不能毀滅那生命。」
民主黨則回擊「有27個男性在那兒,對女性如何運用自己的身體指手劃腳」。
除了暗諷法律問題,Miley 也在 MV 中藏了許多彩蛋,包括一開始香菇頭,Mr. 覺得就是指避孕用品,並有一閃而過的字寫著,每個女人都是暴徒,其實也呼應自己的歌詞說到尼羅河鱷,意思是每個女人都是很有力量的
#MileyCyrus #MothersDaughter #歡迎訂閱打開小鈴鐺呦
healthcare翻譯 在 Dr. Grace Youtube 的評價
為什麼要聽我分析賈伯斯史丹佛大學畢業演講?因為他已經給我們人生成功的藍圖,把他人生所有精華都在大學演講完美展現,學習成功首要秘訣,以及容易做事成功的因素,想要實現你的夢想?就要學習獲得成功的最快方法!
👩🎓賈伯斯史丹佛大學畢業演講完整版👩🎓
https://youtu.be/UF8uR6Z6KLc
♥️記得要訂閲喔!!!♥️
去瞧瞧我其他相關內容:
【有益身心成長篇】
學校不吿訴你的事
https://youtu.be/LHGvs2ToJJA
讀書秘訣
https://youtu.be/-NfQv4MFn0M
如果早知道的人生道理
https://youtu.be/f6xTz1Sp-7A
改變人生
https://youtu.be/VBgo3Qk0HAc
被人欣賞秘訣
https://youtu.be/Fa4o4BpKl7E
華人如何在國外被看的起
https://youtu.be/AWHb1sty68A
英文流利的秘密
https://youtu.be/7o3CuTSYcX0
和壓力說再見
https://youtu.be/_BXDEk5U5lM
【牙齒小知識】
今天我是你的牙醫
https://youtu.be/1LYQCV8_tsg
現在牙痛看牙醫安全嗎?
https://youtu.be/6f7fYqQmyGc
想知道如何打麻藥不痛?請看
https://youtu.be/tgKf_XGBcO4
普通洗牙和深度洗牙有什麼不同?
https://youtu.be/SHT8LQzqZOA
Music: A New Beginning - Bensound
https://www.bensound.com
Support by RFM - NCM: https://bit.ly/2xGHypM
Music: Slow Motion - Bensound
https://www.bensound.com
Support by RFM - NCM: https://bit.ly/2xGHypM
Disclaimer: This video is not intended to provide diagnosis, treatment or medical advice. Content provided on this Youtube channel is for informational purposes only. Please consult with a physician or other healthcare professional regarding any medical or health related diagnosis or treatment options. Information on this Youtube channel should not be considered as a substitute for advice from a healthcare professional. The statements made about specific products throughout this video are not to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent disease.
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