has always been用法的八卦，Yahoo名人娛樂都在討論

[詞彙區別] people, individual, persons, human, man, mankind, humankind 的區別:

在寫作的時候，有些同學為了避免重複使用相同的詞彙，卻選用了意義上不盡相同的單字，而無法精確地表達出自己所想傳達的想法。這問題很可能來自於考生平時在語言學習上過於依賴中英翻譯，因此考生在不夠了解某些一字多義的詞彙的情況下，很容易造成讀者的誤解。舉例來說，spend vs. cost vs. take (花費)，borrow vs. lend vs. loan (借)，這些字的中譯都很非常類似，以中文為母語的考生在使用上，只要稍微一不注意，就容易錯誤使用。甚至有些考生會以offspring (子孫; 後代) 來代替 children (小孩)，我們若是查字典了解其義，就會知道 offspring 比較常出現在正式的科學用法上，泛指動物的後代及植物的幼苗。

為了幫助同學增加詞彙量並且精確地在口說和寫作上使用這些字。我會用使用一個新的同義字系列清楚地區分這些類似的字並幫助同學們在文章中正確地使用它們。同學們也應該在使用這些字之前先查查字典，以了解這些字的使用方式。

People 的同義字

★★★human (human being) ★★★

我們使用human being這個字來強調我們和動物的不同。 We used human being to stress our difference from animals or aliens (in science fiction).

1. Dogs can hear much better than humans.
2. That is no way to treat another human being.

★★★man★★★

我們用man這個字來指男性、全部的人類、或指特定某一時代的人類。 We used man to talk about adult male human or humans as a group (or humans from a particular period of history).

1. The relationships between men and women are often complex and puzzling.
2. This is one of the worst diseases known to man.
3. Man had caused considerable damage to the environment.
4. Being a modern man today is no different than it was a century ago. It’s all about adhering to principle.

★★★mankind★★★

我們用mankind這個字來強調全部人類這個概念。 We used mankind when we talk about all humans as one large group.

1. Pollution is something that harms mankind across the globe, and disasters like war and famine have affected mankind all through our history.

*Man和mankind傳統上一直是用來指所有的男性和女性。很多人現在偏好使用humanity這個字和humankind來避掉性別歧視的問題。

Man and mankind have traditionally been used to mean “all men and women.” Many people now prefer to use humanity, the human race, human beings or people to avoid being sexist. Humankind is used as a gender neutral alternative to “mankind.”

★★★person★★★

person這個字是指人的單數。A person in the singular to refer to any human being.

1. He was a very nice person, always pleasant and friendly.

Persons 是 person的複數，是一個在文件或法律條文中使用的單字。
Persons (plural) is a very formal word. We only use it in rather legalistic contexts:

1. Any person or persons found in possession of illegal substances will be prosecuted.
2. The police are looking for three separate persons who were in this area.

People 也是person的複數，可指所有的人類或特定狀況中的一群人。它也可以指所有的國民。

People can refer to all human beings, or to a group of persons in a particular situation. It can also mean "all the citizens," as in a political leader who understands the needs of the people.

1. There were at least a thousand people in the audience.
2. The people are tired of hearing political rhetoric! They want action, not talk.

★★★individual★★★

我們用individual來強調個人以和團體做區隔。We used individual to stress that a person considered separately rather than as part of a group.

1. Every individual has rights which must never be taken away.
2. Three separate individuals walked into my store.

除了以上的用法，同學也可以用代名詞 (e.g. everyone, they) 來替換”人們” 這個單字，也可以用形容詞來更明確的指出某一群人(e.g. most, some, a few, all)。

Summary:
✎ 通常會用"people"這個詞彙來指稱一般的社會大眾；另一方面，如果想要去強調一個團體當中的每個人，則會使用"individuals"。

✎ 想要將所有人類當成一個大族群去做論述的時候，通常只會用"mankind/humankind"或是"the human race/human beings"等詞彙。

✎ 想要去強調一個人的人性面時，通常會用"human being"。

E.g. How could you do this to another human being? He has rights!

✎撰寫科學性質的相關文章時，才會運用到"Homo sapiens"。

https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=443676912389120

Sources:
http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/
http://www.ldoceonline.com/
http://www.merriam-webster.com/
http://www.vocabulary.com/

#Run! 最簡單最複雜
• There's always a RUN ON roses before Valentine's Day. 情人節之前總有玫瑰花 #搶購潮。
———————-
明報 英文 | 毛孟靜
//Run 這個字，乍看十分簡單，就是解作走、跑、逃等意思。但有英語學者說，run 應是英語中最簡單（ most simple）卻又最複雜（most complex）的一個字，一看《牛津字典》中長長的一大串釋義，就可見一斑。

在學習的過程中，大多數人也許都已不經意地融會貫通：字詞意思要視乎上文下理，就如 run 另外可解作經營、參選，以至擠提等等。例：
• There has been a bank run since yesterday. 昨日銀行開始出現擠提。

記得嗎，此欄也曾解說過，a run ON something等於搶着要買一些什麼：A situation in which lots of people suddenly buy a particular product.

• There has been a run on facemasks and other personal hygiene products in Hong Kong. 香港人一直在搶購口罩及其他個人衛生用品。

上面一句說的明顯是因為武漢肺炎而引起的恐慌，用於平日非危急的例子，可以是：
• There's always a run on roses before Valentine's Day. 情人節之前總有玫瑰花搶購潮。

而run解作營運、參選的例句有：
• He runs a corner store in North Point. 他在北角經營一家小商店。

• Are you going to run in September?你在9月會參選嗎？

Run字的用處繁多，難以盡錄。但仍要一提跟日常生活貼切的一個用法。
話說一個本地入口的餐桌鹽牌子，包裝上寫的一句推廣口號是：See how it runs，「看它怎麼跑」。

鹽與跑有什麼關係呢？說的是，鹽會因為潮濕而黏在一起，賣點是這產品不單不會，而且非常容易灑或倒出來，像「會跑的」，等於 free-flowing。

與 run 一樣簡單又押韻的，有 sun 太陽，但就肯定不像 run 那樣多用途。

要注意的，是sun可用作動詞：
• The teenagers are sunning themselves on the beach. 那些少年人在沙灘上曬太陽。

順帶一提，《世說新語排調》載有西晉有一參軍名郝隆，因不被重用，辭官回鄉隱居。每年七月七日當地有曬衣服風俗，郝隆就坦胸露腹仰臥曬太陽。

村民問他原因，他就回答說：「我曬書。」，以示自己滿肚子學問。

另可有留意不少英文報紙都叫 Sun （「太陽報」），英國就有一份The Sun ，隨手拈來另有 Vancouver Sun （《温哥華太陽報》）等等。

聽新聞行的老前輩說，報紙與太陽的關係，也許就是 the sun rises，太陽升起了；也即是說，起牀梳洗後要做的一件事，是看報紙。//

【 Humans of New York 致杜林普：你才是充滿仇恨的人 ！】

「杜林普先生，我是一名新聞工作者……而我可以確信的告訴你，你才是充滿仇恨的人。」

近日，知名臉書專頁Humans of New York的攝影師 Brandon Stanton，對美國共和黨總統候選人Donald Trump發出公開信，對其種族主義傾向予以嚴厲抨擊，在信中，他強調面對杜林普不斷挑起民眾對於穆斯林的恐懼與偏見，他再也不能沉默忍受。

公開信中，Brandon言辭激烈：

「我見證著你發佈種族主義的謊言。見證著你對於白人優越主義長達48小時的沉默。見證著你愉悅地鼓吹暴力，甚至支持人們使用暴力並為之提供法律保護。你興奮的分享著用豬血子彈處決穆斯林的故事，你提議折磨並殺害恐怖分子而讓他們感到害怕。

杜林普先生，我是一名新聞工作者。我在過去兩年間曾在伊朗、伊拉克和巴基斯坦的街頭隨機訪問過數以百計的穆斯林，也在七個國家採訪過數以百計的來自敘利亞和伊拉克的難民。而我可以確信的告訴你，你才是充滿仇恨的人。」

公開信發佈至今，已經獲得近90000個分享。作為臉書上著名的專頁，Humans of New York創立至今已經六年，攝影師 Brandon Stanton用他自己的鏡頭，記錄紐約形形色色的人的故事，他沒有專業的攝影器材，也不是專業的攝影師，只是願意聆聽普通人的故事，記錄下他們的樣子搭配短短對話，勾勒出這座大城市的眾生群像。

（圖片來自Humans of New York，是Brandonc曾經拍攝過的一個女孩。這個來自伊拉克難民營的女孩Aya數次被美國拒絕入境，但她一直在努力用法律來維護自己的權益，作者希望大家一起來關心這個流離失所的難民女孩和她的故事。）

原文：
An Open Letter to Donald Trump:
Mr. Trump,
I try my hardest not to be political. I’ve refused to interview several of your fellow candidates. I didn’t want to risk any personal goodwill by appearing to take sides in a contentious election. I thought: ‘Maybe the timing is not right.’ But I realize now that there is no correct time to oppose violence and prejudice. The time is always now. Because along with millions of Americans, I’ve come to realize that opposing you is no longer a political decision. It is a moral one.
I’ve watched you retweet racist images. I’ve watched you retweet racist lies. I’ve watched you take 48 hours to disavow white supremacy. I’ve watched you joyfully encourage violence, and promise to ‘pay the legal fees’ of those who commit violence on your behalf. I’ve watched you advocate the use of torture and the murder of terrorists’ families. I’ve watched you gleefully tell stories of executing Muslims with bullets dipped in pig blood. I’ve watched you compare refugees to ‘snakes,’ and claim that ‘Islam hates us.’
I am a journalist, Mr. Trump. And over the last two years I have conducted extensive interviews with hundreds of Muslims, chosen at random, on the streets of Iran, Iraq, and Pakistan. I’ve also interviewed hundreds of Syrian and Iraqi refugees across seven different countries. And I can confirm— the hateful one is you.
Those of us who have been paying attention will not allow you to rebrand yourself. You are not a ‘unifier.’ You are not ‘presidential.’ You are not a ‘victim’ of the very anger that you’ve joyfully enflamed for months. You are a man who has encouraged prejudice and violence in the pursuit of personal power. And though your words will no doubt change over the next few months, you will always remain who you are.
Sincerely,
Brandon Stanton

【2016美國大選專題】https://goo.gl/hNz5Tn
【多方聲討杜林普「禁止穆斯林入境美國」言論】
https://goo.gl/DhlcPw

#端傳媒 #美國總統大選

來源：https://goo.gl/0LVRtC