#凌某人閒聊 小主婦學英文二、三事(上)
我不是想把這裡變成英文教學論壇啦!不過我們家日本小主婦的英文真的越來越進步了,從她問我的問題可以看出端倪。目前累積的三個問題,我覺得還滿有趣的,所以把它貼出來聊聊。不過基於梗很難想……不是啦,一次全貼出來會太長,我們拆成不同篇來貼。(明明前一句才是心聲)。
先題外話一下,我發現日本人的禮節真是拘謹啊!有一次我回答時,順口說:「對了,你們鄰居不是美國人嗎?其實妳可以找他們多聊聊,如果他們也不介意的話。很多口語化或俚語他們一定最瞭解。」結果小主婦連續跟我鞠了三個大躬(用貼圖),連發好幾句「對不起」,害我以為發生了什麼事。最後她才問:是不是她的問題佔用我太多時間?我當場三條黑線,趕快說:「絕對不是!只是語言除了寫和讀,聽和說也很重要,所以我才會鼓勵妳有機會多開口。」終於在我的保證之下,她放心了。
**********
第一個問題:"Everybody"指的不是單數嗎?可是為什麼後面往往接"they"或"their"這種複數形?
她給我看的例句:"Everybody is wasting their money and time."
"When everybody participates, we all win."
為啥米~~?
答案來了:這種變化算是時代的產物。
everyone, someone, each... 這些都是單數沒錯,幾十年前,我們都用男性的「他」來當做通用主詞,不只英文,中文也是如此。例如:「一個善良的人,他一定會善待動物。」
或"He who laughs last, laughs best(能笑到最後的人才是贏家)"。
這個「他」和"He"不單指男人,而是泛指所有人。可是隨著時代演進,平權觀念興起,用哪個性別當主詞都不對,所以其中一種折衷方法是"He"和"She"一起列出來。
例:Being a psychopath, he or she can't feel other people's pain.
(一個反社會人格者無法感受到別人的痛苦)
可是如果通篇都是"He or She", "He and she",那不是又臭又長嗎?於是現在更適切的做法,是用"They"來代替,"They"就沒有性別之分了,於是我們會看見這樣的句子:
When everyone keeps an open mind, they learn more.
(當每個人願意保持開放的思想,他們能學到更多)
或 Everyone should have the right to express their thoughts. (每個人都有權利說出他們的想法)
這個不是錯誤,在英語系國家已經是一種正式的用法,尤其是新聞媒體、商業書信或社群媒體這些必須公平提及所有族群的媒介。
不過如果你還是學生,在學校要考英文的話,請依照文法課本教你的方式填考卷。所有語言都一樣,一定是先學好正規文法,再去學變形。
但如果你是個上班族,平時和國外有英文書信往返的必要,就得稍微注意這個部份。有些人覺得麻煩,是乾脆前後通通用複數的they, we, you,不過還是會有需要用到everyone, each one, someone這種時候.
學語言是很有趣的事,不過這篇已經好長了,「凌姊姊說英文」我們明天見。
#第N次交代務必學好正規文法
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[詞彙區別] people, individual, persons, human, man, mankind, humankind 的區別:
在寫作的時候,有些同學為了避免重複使用相同的詞彙,卻選用了意義上不盡相同的單字,而無法精確地表達出自己所想傳達的想法。這問題很可能來自於考生平時在語言學習上過於依賴中英翻譯,因此考生在不夠了解某些一字多義的詞彙的情況下,很容易造成讀者的誤解。舉例來說,spend vs. cost vs. take (花費),borrow vs. lend vs. loan (借),這些字的中譯都很非常類似,以中文為母語的考生在使用上,只要稍微一不注意,就容易錯誤使用。甚至有些考生會以offspring (子孫; 後代) 來代替 children (小孩),我們若是查字典了解其義,就會知道 offspring 比較常出現在正式的科學用法上,泛指動物的後代及植物的幼苗。
為了幫助同學增加詞彙量並且精確地在口說和寫作上使用這些字。我會用使用一個新的同義字系列清楚地區分這些類似的字並幫助同學們在文章中正確地使用它們。同學們也應該在使用這些字之前先查查字典,以了解這些字的使用方式。
People 的同義字
★★★human (human being) ★★★
我們使用human being這個字來強調我們和動物的不同。 We used human being to stress our difference from animals or aliens (in science fiction).
1. Dogs can hear much better than humans.
2. That is no way to treat another human being.
★★★man★★★
我們用man這個字來指男性、全部的人類、或指特定某一時代的人類。 We used man to talk about adult male human or humans as a group (or humans from a particular period of history).
1. The relationships between men and women are often complex and puzzling.
2. This is one of the worst diseases known to man.
3. Man had caused considerable damage to the environment.
4. Being a modern man today is no different than it was a century ago. It’s all about adhering to principle.
★★★mankind★★★
我們用mankind這個字來強調全部人類這個概念。 We used mankind when we talk about all humans as one large group.
1. Pollution is something that harms mankind across the globe, and disasters like war and famine have affected mankind all through our history.
*Man和mankind傳統上一直是用來指所有的男性和女性。很多人現在偏好使用humanity這個字和humankind來避掉性別歧視的問題。
Man and mankind have traditionally been used to mean “all men and women.” Many people now prefer to use humanity, the human race, human beings or people to avoid being sexist. Humankind is used as a gender neutral alternative to “mankind.”
★★★person★★★
person這個字是指人的單數。A person in the singular to refer to any human being.
1. He was a very nice person, always pleasant and friendly.
Persons 是 person的複數,是一個在文件或法律條文中使用的單字。
Persons (plural) is a very formal word. We only use it in rather legalistic contexts:
1. Any person or persons found in possession of illegal substances will be prosecuted.
2. The police are looking for three separate persons who were in this area.
People 也是person的複數,可指所有的人類或特定狀況中的一群人。它也可以指所有的國民。
People can refer to all human beings, or to a group of persons in a particular situation. It can also mean "all the citizens," as in a political leader who understands the needs of the people.
1. There were at least a thousand people in the audience.
2. The people are tired of hearing political rhetoric! They want action, not talk.
★★★individual★★★
我們用individual來強調個人以和團體做區隔。We used individual to stress that a person considered separately rather than as part of a group.
1. Every individual has rights which must never be taken away.
2. Three separate individuals walked into my store.
除了以上的用法,同學也可以用代名詞 (e.g. everyone, they) 來替換”人們” 這個單字,也可以用形容詞來更明確的指出某一群人(e.g. most, some, a few, all)。
Summary:
✎ 通常會用"people"這個詞彙來指稱一般的社會大眾;另一方面,如果想要去強調一個團體當中的每個人,則會使用"individuals"。
✎ 想要將所有人類當成一個大族群去做論述的時候,通常只會用"mankind/humankind"或是"the human race/human beings"等詞彙。
✎ 想要去強調一個人的人性面時,通常會用"human being"。
E.g. How could you do this to another human being? He has rights!
✎撰寫科學性質的相關文章時,才會運用到"Homo sapiens"。
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=443676912389120
Sources:
http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/
http://www.ldoceonline.com/
http://www.merriam-webster.com/
http://www.vocabulary.com/
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如何選擇英文單字書?
Many students struggle to find suitable learning materials. Here are six tips to help you find the perfect vocabulary book.
1.了解學習英語的目的! Focus!
在挑單字書前,要先釐清您的目的是在日常會話中學習詞彙或是準備像SAT,TOEFL或IELTS這樣的標準化測驗?又或許您正在學習與特定工作領域相關的專業術語,因此您應該選擇一本書來幫助您滿足這些需求。
Understand your goals for learning English.
Are you learning vocabulary words for daily conversations or preparing for standardized assessments like the SAT, TOEFL, or IELTS? If you are studying for work-related purpose and need technical, domain-specific vocabulary words, you should pick a book that helps you meet these needs.
★★★★★★★★★★★★
2.選擇一本以各種方式呈現單詞的書。Employ diverse learning strategies!
好的詞彙書通常有定義、音節、搭配詞、插圖、文字網、概念圖和單字音檔來幫助您理解新的單詞和短語。每個人的學習方式都不同,最好是找到一本可以幫助您記憶詞彙的書。這本書還應該包括告訴您在學習這個單字時可能會有的疑難點,例如,specie(貨幣)不是species(物種)的單數型,這麼一來您可以避免這樣的錯誤。
Pick a book that presents words in diverse ways.
Good vocabulary books often have definitions, syllabification, collocations, illustrations, word webs, concept maps, and audio recordings to help you understand new words and phrases. Everyone learns differently, and it is best if you find a book that can help you commit these words to memory. The book should also include expected errors (e.g. specie is not the singular form of species) so you can avoid making them.
★★★★★★★★★★★★
3.這本書有附練習嗎?Practice!
學習新單詞最有效的練習之一是單字填空練習。這本書是否有克漏字、選擇選、單字配對和其他有益的練習?是否含有口說、聽力、閱讀和寫作活動可以幫助您記憶,甚至是在語境中使用學到的單詞?
Does the book have exercises?
One of the most effective exercises for learning new words is a cloze exercise. Does the book have cloze, multiple choice, matching, and other exercises that help you remember the words? Are there speaking, listening, reading, and writing activities that help you retain and even use the words in context?
★★★★★★★★★★★★
4. 這本書有提供資源幫助你複習嗎? Always review!
如果不進行反覆和持續的練習,很難牢記單字。您的這本單字書是否包含閃字卡或類似Quizlet的練習程式,可以幫助您在學習這些單字的數月後查看學習成效?這也是您購書時要考量的重點之一。
Does the book have resources to help you review?
Without drilling and continuous review, it is difficult to commit new information to memory. Does the book include flashcards or apps like Quizlet that help you review the words months after you learned it?
★★★★★★★★★★★★
5.是否有定期和最終的評量?Assessments and evaluations!
您的單字書是否在幾個學習單元之後有附上單字測驗幫助您評估目前的學習程度和進步的狀況? 好的單字書應該是結構化的,包括單字測驗,以幫助您了解您的進展。
Does the book have periodic assessments and a final evaluation?
Assessments are needed to know your current level and your progress. Exercises serve as a good way to measure your understanding of the words, but are there quizzes and tests every few chapters in your book? The book should be structured and include assessments and a final evaluation to help you know your progress.
★★★★★★★★★★★★
6. 這本書能引起你的興趣嗎?Learning should be fun~
有時候,我們會為了考試的目的購買詞彙書,但這並不代表它一定是無趣的。除了單純表列單字和短語的單字書外,您應該要找到具有功能性且富知識性的單字書,讓單字學習變得有趣並使您保持學習的興趣!
Does the book keep you interested?
Sometimes, we purchase vocabulary books for test-taking purposes but that does not mean it can’t be interesting. Find a book that includes practical tidbits of knowledge to help make learning interesting and keep you motivated!
★★★★★★★★★★★★
英文單詞學習資源
Video Discussions
1. 為何英文能力無法提升? (影片)
https://goo.gl/49zf2E
2. 如何牢記和應用剛學到的英文單詞? (影片)
https://goo.gl/mGiMeY
3. 來測試一下你的英文詞彙層次! Tier 1, 2, 3? (影片)
https://goo.gl/SzCqte
4. 7個教/學英文詞彙的關鍵步驟 (影片)
https://goo.gl/Z4Yub4
5. 如何有效率的認知和應用學科單字 (影片): https://www.cctalk.com/v/15178710492881
6. 免費線上高頻率學術單詞課:
https://goo.gl/forms/UVnVBFvmduaGp17T2
★★★★★★★★★★★★
Image source: NPR.org
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everyone單數 在 英文基礎文法09 - 名詞單數與複數變化(Basic English Grammar 的八卦
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everyone單數 在 [請益] Everyone like or likes ?? - 看板Eng-Class - 批踢踢實業坊 的八卦
想請問各位大大
在書上有看到兩種版本
一種是Everyone likes
第二種是Everyone like
請問everyone是單數還是複數呢?
好疑惑
謝謝解答!
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