【全民拼防疫,更要守護心理健康 】
昨天傳出一則不幸消息,兩位居家檢疫者被發現在家中死亡,死因疑似為自殺。除了哀悼之外,我也要特別強調,在疫情流行期間,國民心理健康的防護,絕對是抵抗病毒傳播以外,另一項守護國人健康的重點。
其實,從過去的大規模新型傳染病,例如SARS的經驗中,研究者就發現,曾罹患SARS而後康復的病人中,有部分出現了創傷後壓力症候群的症狀[1],而在SARS流行區域,情緒障礙與創傷後壓力症候群的盛行率也有短暫升高趨勢[2]。
我們現在面對的武漢肺炎,是比SARS衝擊更大、影響更久更深的另一波疫情。在隔離人數日益增加、甚至若情勢蔓延,整個社會必須限制外出下,我們所習慣的一切生活,都將一夕之間改觀。在此,我呼籲國人同胞勿存僥倖鑽漏洞之心,放鬆防疫,但也希望政府與民間協力,來「提前部署」大規模社會隔離會產生的衝擊。
國際知名醫學期刊刺絡針(Lancet)雜誌在2月時就有整理一篇回顧性文章[3],整理了24篇SARS、MERS、H1N1、伊波拉病毒流行期間,各國實施隔離時心理衝擊的研究,我昨天深夜便和團隊開會討論,先跟大家分享論文的重點:
在隔離期間,壓力來自於長時間與社會隔離、害怕自己感染、無事可做的無聊、物資供應不足、資訊不夠清楚,這些都可能讓心理壓力甚至精神症狀惡化。就算是隔離結束後,隨之而來的還有經濟壓力,還有社會的「污名化」,例如醫護、空服、清潔相關的家人被排斥;伊波拉疫情後,賴比瑞亞甚至出現了針對少數族群的歧視,甚至讓他們不論生了什麼病都不敢就醫,造成社會的撕裂。
那麼,有沒有在隔離前預測心理衝擊的危險因子呢? 不同的研究結果不一,但我們還是要小心:年輕人(16-24歲)、教育程度較低者、有小孩者、已有精神疾病病史者,似乎較可能受到影響。這邊要再次強調,被隔離的醫護人員,創傷後壓力症候群的症狀嚴重性也比一般大眾高,且在解除隔離後,更容易受到「污名化」,一篇加拿大研究更指出醫護人員也是隔離後經濟損失最大的。
知道了這些可能的衝擊,我們的公衛政策要怎麼調整呢?
1. 隔離時間必須維持在「最短的有效長度」
2.必須提供被隔離者清楚的資訊
3.提供充足的物資
4.改善通訊,減少無聊
5.必須特別照顧被隔離醫護
6.利他主義比強迫更好
從上面幾點,我們可以看出,陳時中部長領導之下,台灣應對隔離的措施做得實在不錯,例如我們快速採取了明確的14天隔離期,避免無限制封城的恐慌。政府在新聞與社交平台上給予清楚資訊。各地方也紛紛推出防疫包。而陳部長天天開記者會,強調的「自律」大於強迫等溫情攻勢,其實也給社會不少信心,讓國民能配合防疫。
當然,有些部分,我會建議政府還是要「超前部署」。
1. 疫情平台上,提供心理衛教資訊:
在指揮中心中,納編心理健康專家,並透過疾管署現有管道,投放有關心理衛教、求助資源的資訊,讓民眾容易了解。
2. 針對已罹患精神疾病患者的就醫問題,暫時開放「遠距治療」:
疫情期間,許多精神疾病患者就醫不便,或是被居家隔離。遠距治療在美國多州已經行之有年,而衛福部於2018年公布《通訊診察治療辦法》,並於2019年公布《心理師執行通訊心理諮商業務核准作業參考原則》,但精神科醫師並未被包含在通訊心理諮商業務核可範圍內,建議因應疫情適當檢討放寬,透過視訊治療,並安排藥物的物流遞送。另外,精神疾病患者社區訪視治療可能產生的防疫漏洞,也必須盡快有明確指引。
3. 針對被隔離者,提供心理諮詢專線服務:
專人心理諮詢,過去已被證實可以提供隔離患者一定的支持,建議研擬擴充專線,讓隔離期間有需要的民眾優先求助。
4. 進行思考心理健康應用程式(Apps)的認證與推廣:
各大平台上,已有非常多放鬆、正念、各種心理治療的應用程式可供下載,根據研究,這樣的治療模式的確有效,但問題是良莠不齊且缺乏中文化。美國FDA已經開始對行動醫療應用程式進行管控,給予認證。建議衛福部比照規範,根據實證證據給予通過的程式認證,就算疫情結束後,也能提供新的治療模式。
最後,拜託大家,一時的隔離,是為了維繫台灣的安全,保護大家能過正常的生活。不論是上課、出遊、逛夜市,這些各位覺得還是理所當然的活動,在許許多多的國家,已經被嚴格管制,我們都不想走到那步,就請大家一起來,配合政策,保持警戒,維持距離,我們一起做好防疫!
參考資料:
[1]Wu, K. K., Chan, S. K., & Ma, T. M. (2005). Posttraumatic stress after SARS. Emerging infectious diseases, 11(8), 1297.
[2]Maunder, R. G., Lancee, W. J., Balderson, K. E., Bennett, J. P., Borgundvaag, B., Evans, S., ... & Hall, L. M. (2006). Long-term psychological and occupational effects of providing hospital healthcare during SARS outbreak. Emerging infectious diseases, 12(12), 1924.
[3]Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet.
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