[英文單字學習 I]
學英文的人常常為了方便學習而於過依賴線上的英漢字典,線上英漢字典雖然可以幫你快速認識單字(第一語言對第二語言的學習有好處也有壞處),可是我們常會發現在英漢字典中,兩個英文單字往往會用同一個中文意思來解釋 (例如 comprise, contain = 包含) ,而且翻譯的過程中也可能喪失單字本身一些比較細微的定義,導致同學用詞不精準。所以英漢字典有點像腳踏車的輔助輪,適合初學者,但若一直依賴它,就會永遠跟不上其他人的學習速度了。
另外,學英文的最終目標(當然每個人都有不一樣的目標><)就是要學習如何用英文去思考,不能一直依靠英漢字典直接轉換兩種語言,以期達到流利的境界,畢竟很少人有足夠的天份能夠在雙語之間自由地迅速轉換(除非經過特別的訓練,例如同步口譯訓練後才可能做到)。
就線上資源而論,適合初學者的一個選擇是使用第二語言學習者字典 (OALD, M-W Learner’s Dictionary)。這一些詞典通常會以例句幫助同學更精準地使用不熟悉的單字;比較高程度的英語學習者可使用全英字典 (Oxford Dictionaries Online, Collins English Dictionary, Merriam-Webster Dictionary),再接著搭配使用配詞典 (English Collocation Dictionary, Corpus of Contemporary American English) 或使用 Google Scholar 搜尋單字及該字搭配的片語 (multi-word chunks) 在學術文章中的用法及出現頻率,這樣才可以比較精準的使用單字及搭配的片語。
雖然老師每次在提供單字表時都會附上中文解釋(課堂上才補充搭配的片語),但這只是方便學生更快知道這個單字最通用的意思,不代表是它最精準的涵義及用法,有心的同學應該再進一步使用其它工具查詢,以讓自己的進步更迅速。當然,你也可以利用老師或字典提供的單字音檔加强自己對字的辨識能力和發音!
最後提醒同學一個學單字的最重要關鍵─就是要在平常說寫中反覆使用這些新單字及搭配的片語,並且需要 a qualified English teacher (native or non-native) 來指導修正自己的錯誤,以讓自己更進步。
多益,托福和雅思單字表和電子書: http://tinyurl.com/lk3fglc
免費字典和辭典: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=561160787307398
詞彙區別: http://tinyurl.com/mzmvsns
References:
http://www.mikeswan.co.uk/elt-applied-linguistics/influence-second-language.htm
http://jolt.merlot.org/vol9no4/jin_1213.pdf
http://www.cavesbooks.com.tw/CET/ArtContent_tw.aspx?CDE=ART20130906141633A0M
http://www2.gsu.edu/~eslnxj/jiang2004a.pdf
http://cnl.psych.cornell.edu/pubs/in-press-ac-ELD.pdf
「comprise用法」的推薦目錄:
- 關於comprise用法 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook
- 關於comprise用法 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook
- 關於comprise用法 在 英語島雜誌 English Island Facebook
- 關於comprise用法 在 Re: [請益] include, comprise, consist of 的差異- 看板Eng-Class 的評價
- 關於comprise用法 在 Compose & comprise 用法請益! - 語言板 | Dcard 的評價
- 關於comprise用法 在 DSE考生常犯錯誤: contain, comprise, consist of, be composed ... 的評價
comprise用法 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 八卦
[詞彙區別] constitute, compose, consist of, comprise, account for, make up 的區別
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詞彙區別: http://wp.me/p44l9b-16B
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在寫作的時候,有些同學為了避免重複使用相同的詞彙,卻選用了意義上不盡相同的詞,而無法精確地表達出自己所想傳達的想法。這問題很可能來自於考生平時在語言學習上過於依賴中英翻譯,因此在不夠了解某些詞彙精準的用法的情況下,很容易造成讀者的誤解。
為了幫助同學增加詞彙量並且精確地在口說和寫作上使用這些字,我建議同學們不要一開始的時候就死記硬背一群同義詞彙 (e.g. decline, decrease, diminish, dwindle, reduce, alleviate) 。雖然如此做會快速幫同學累積對這些詞的認知,可是認知都會停留在模糊階段。建議同學先熟悉其中一兩個單詞以後在開始累積相關的同義詞彙,也應該用搭配詞跟片語加上完整的例句和短文來輔助自己對單詞的理解。同時同學們也應該在使用這些單詞之前先查查字典,更進一步了解這些詞彙的使用方式。
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1. constitute: to constitute something is to form a whole, especially of dissimilar components: Love and hate can constitute a balanced relationship.
constitute 所“構成”的事物在屬性和特徵上,亦或在組織上,與組成成分是一致的。
-Seven days constitutes a week (七天構成一個星期。).
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2. Compose: to compose means the same as to constitute, but implies that the components have something in common: Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
在表示“由……材料構成”時,見於被動語態;在用於主動語態時,一般它所表示的“構成”或“組成”總包含著融合為一,而且主語或者是複數名詞或者是集體名詞。
-Concrete is composed of cement, sand and gravel mixed with water. (混凝土由水泥、砂、石子與水摻和而構成。 )
-Mere facts, when badly stated, do not compose a good book. (僅僅有資料,如果陳述得很糟糕,並不能組成一本好書)
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3. account for: 說明(原因、理由等); 導致,引起; (在數量、比例上); 占 (e.g. This group accounted for 60% of the population.)
(在數量、比例上)占
These products, in total, account for about 80% of all our sales (這些產品總共約占我們全部銷售額的80%。).
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4. make up: 組成 to combine together to form something [= constitute]:
-Women make up only a small proportion of the prison population. 女人只佔監獄人口的一小部分。
-The committee is made up of representatives from every state (委員會由每個州的代表組成的。).
-Children makes up only 10% of the population (兒童只佔人口的10%。).
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5. consist of: to consist of something is to be made up of it: A lethal dose of nerve agent VX consists of only 10 milligrams.
consist of 的含義與被動語態的 compose 相同
-Though the costume consists only of a sheet, it was very effective. (雖然那件化裝服裝僅由一條床單組成,但效果很好。)
-This group consists of men, women, and children.
(這個小組由男人,女人和孩子們組成的。).
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6. comprise: to comprise something has the same meaning as to consist, often implying that the whole is regarded from the point of view of its individual parts: The chain is comprised of many links, and is only as strong as its weakest.
comprise 在表示“構成”時,其內涵是“包括”或“覆蓋”*
-The committee comprises men of widely different views (這個委員會由見解甚為懸殊的人組成。).
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從這些動詞的意思來看,若要表示數個個體或項目組成一個整體時,我們可用 compose 或 constitute。
England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland compose/constitute the United Kingdom.
(英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭組成了聯合王國。)
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若要表示一個整體是由個數個體或項目所組成時,我們可用 comprise* 或 consist of / be composed of 。
(compose 經常用於被動態,而以 be composed of 的型式出現,意思和用法跟 consist of 完全一樣。)
-The United Kingdom comprises*/consists of/is composed of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.
(聯合王國是由英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭所構成)
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詳細的說明: http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html
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*在這幾個字當中,僅 comprise 兼具其他字的意思,但它也是最麻煩、最讓人困擾的字。英語 評論人士強烈反對 comprise 被用作 constitute 的意思以及 comprise 以被動態形式 be comprised of 來表示 consist of 的意思,所以對於 Fifty states comprise the United States. (五十個州組成了美國) 和 The United States is comprised of fifty states. (美國是由五十個州所組成) 這樣的句子結構,他們期期以為不可,而堅持只有 The United States comprises fifty states. 才是唯一正確的用法。但他們反對的這兩種用法其實早已是不 折不扣的標準英語,一些新版的字典甚至將 be comprised of 堂而皇之地列為片語,如 The course is comprised of ten core modules. (這門課是由 10 個核心單元組成)。然而,在公說公有理,婆說婆有理,各有堅持的情況下,在此建議:若使用 comprise 會讓你覺得心虛或沒把握,那麼不妨使用它的同義詞,也就是沒有爭議的 constitute, consist of 或 be composed of 來代替之。
*An interesting history of sense development concerning the word comprise has caused confusion, if not hate for the word itself. The most common mistake is confusing consist and comprise with each other. To say A lethal dose of nerve agent VX comprises of only 10 milligrams, is wrong because it is not analyzed from each separate component or milligram, but rather as a whole dose. In fact, there is a lot of skepticism and criticism of the word “comprise” all together. “None of the many neat schemes purporting to describe its correct use seems accurately to describe the way Standard English users actually employ comprise.” (Bartleby) Thus it is suggested to use constitute and/or compose as active verbs, while consists and/or includes as passive. However, if your use of the word can clearly indicate its context, separate from the its other accepted use, choosing a substitute is not necessary.
Also, ”Comprises” is "better" grammar than ”is comprised of.” “The whole comprises multiple parts” is better than, “The whole is comprised of multiple parts.” Even better though is, “Multiple parts comprise the whole."
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Sources:
http://www.bartleby.com/68/3/1403.html
http://bulo.hjenglish.com/question/33021/
http://blog.cybertranslator.idv.tw/archives/2590
http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/dictionaries/english/data/d0081813.html
http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html
http://everything2.com/title/consist%252C+comprise%252C+constitute%252C+or+compose
More sentences:
-The pie chart consists of/comprises of the percentages of four different fuel sources used in electricity production.
-Electricity (that is) produced with coal composed/constituted/accounted for 50% of the total electricity (that is)produced.
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contain vs. include:
Contain: Something is considered to be within something else.
The toy contains many small moving parts. ->The small moving parts are a part of the toy.
Include: Something is added to something else, possibly containing it, possibly not.
-This toy includes batteries. -> The batteries are not a part of the toy. They just come with the toy.
comprise用法 在 英語島雜誌 English Island Facebook 八卦
【戒掉爛英文】
表裡不一的英文字
在英文中有一大群看似「主動」,實為「被動」的字。「賣得好」用sell;「由……組成」用comprise;「退讓」用yield to;「委任」用 fall to;「中計」用 fall for……。在這些中、英文字裡,你看不到一個「被」字,也沒有出現被動(be動詞 過去分詞)用法,但全隱含著被動的意義。
以下,我們就用一些例子來搞定這些表裡不一的英文字:
http://goo.gl/NKWV4I
comprise用法 在 Compose & comprise 用法請益! - 語言板 | Dcard 的八卦
圖中的(2),選項有,1. are composed of,2. are comprised of,解答是1,但1跟2的用法不是一樣的嗎?能請大神告訴我兩者差異嗎QQ - 英文,英語, ... ... <看更多>
comprise用法 在 Re: [請益] include, comprise, consist of 的差異- 看板Eng-Class 的八卦
※ 引述《hh47 (百事可樂)》之銘言:
: 大家好,
: 想請問一下include, comprise, consist of
: 這三個在使用上的差異在哪裡?
: 1. A includes B, C, and D.
: 2. A comprises B, C, and D.
: 3. A consists of B, C, and D.
: 若A 只包含 B, C, D 是要用哪一種寫法?
: 有點不太懂, 到底什麼時候該用哪個字
: 謝謝大家
以下用法均有其例外,英文可是很活的
includes 包括
A 僅是一個簡單的,幾乎像容器般的組合,如禮品袋、箱子、工作小組等
B, C 與 D 均為獨立個體
A 僅為 B, C 與 D 之和 (A 為容器)
例:
1) the box includes two CDs, an instruction manual, and a sticker.
1) 盒中物包括兩張CD、一本說明書、以及一張貼紙。
2) the advisory team includes an attorney, two accountants, and the CFO.
2) 顧問團包括一位律師、兩位會計師、以及公司的財務長。
comprise 以... 構成
A 為較複雜的個體,而 B, C 與 D 則為其組件
B, C 與 D [可能] 無法獨立運作,或
A 的功能不同於 B, C 與 D 之和
例:
1) the computer is typically comprised of a processing unit, an I/O unit, and
a storage unit.
1) 電腦一般以處理元件、輸出入元件、以及貯存元件所構成。
B, C, D 無法獨立運作
2) The M&A team comprises several experts in finance and engineering.
2) 併購組包含多位金融及工程專家。
併購組之功能不同於專家之功能
consists 構成、包括
比較常用於不可見之物
例:
1) the compound consists of several aromatic hydrocarbons.
1) 此化合物由數個芳香烴所構成。
2) the argument consists of merely ad hominem attacks and is thus unsound.
2) 此論點僅基於人身攻擊,因此有誤。
但在許多情況下這三個字是通用的:
the group consists/comprises/includes [of] several eminent personages.
團體包括數位受敬重的人士。
--
'Cause it's a bittersweet symphony, this life
Trying to make ends meet, You're a slave to money then you die
-Bittersweet Symphony, The Verve
--
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