校園裡的言論自由 (自由時報副刊專欄)
王丹
總部設在費城的“教育人權基金會”,旨在捍衛美國大學校園中的個人權利,包括言論和宗教自由等等。最近,在這個基金會的支持下,20歲的學生辛納皮雷度(Vincenzo Sinapi-Riddle)對自己就讀的洛杉磯柑橘社區學院(Citrus College)提出了法律訴訟。法律行動針對的是該學校箝制言論自由的行為:柑橘社區學院規定校區為“非公共論壇”(non-public forum),然後劃出圖書館外面的一個天井作為“言論自由區”(free-speech area),只有在這個天井的區域可以進行發送傳單和拉人聯署等活動,而這個小小的區域的面積只有全校園的1。37%。意思是說,全校98%的校園面積是不可以進行公共活動的。此外,該校還規定,學生社團舉辦活動,必須兩周前提出申請獲准。
2013年10月,在校生,同時也是民間組織“自由美國青年”柑橘社區學院分會會長的辛納皮雷度,想拉一些同學參加反對國安局監控人民的請願書的聯署,有一次他在路上散發傳單,動員學生聯署,因為不是在“言論自由區”的範圍內,被學校警告,並威脅說如果不服從規定,有被開除的可能。這對於辛納皮雷度這個本來就積極參與維權運動的學生來說,當然是完全無法接受的,於是找到“教育人權基金會“,一狀把學校告上了聯邦法院,要求法院裁決該校的那些規定箝制人民的言論自由權利,因而違憲,必須撤銷。目前案件還在審理中。
這不是“教育人權基金會“協助進行的唯一的關於校園內維權的官司。與此同時,他們還控告愛荷華州立大學,因為該校禁止學生身穿有校名標誌的鼓吹大麻合法化的T恤衫,基金會和律師認為,這種規定侵犯了公民表達意見的自由和權利。
這些官司表面上看起來並非國計民生那樣的大事,但是在我看來,具有重要的意義。我們的社會也許到處都存在著一些違反人權理念的事情,但是這樣的事情發生在大學,尤其不可輕忽和允許。因為大學本身的社會職能,就是通過教育,為社會樹立權利意識和民主理念。可以說,大學教育是一個社會捍衛自由的基礎工程。學生到學校來,一個重要的學習內容,就是人的基本權利的重要性以及如何得到保護。如果大學校園裏面的言論自由都不能得到伸張或者保護,那麼我們的學生又要如何確立正確的人權觀念呢?
回到辛納皮雷度訴柑橘社區學院一案的討論上,學校對於自己那些涉嫌違憲的校規的解釋,歸結到維護校園秩序上。其實很多學校都是以這個理由來限制學生的意見表達,他們說是不希望看到不理性的言論破壞校園秩序。但是這樣的理由拿到法庭上,一定會敗訴的,因為美國最高法院曾經就保障言論自由的憲法第一修正案做過一個清晰簡單的解釋:“最根本的原則就是,任何意見不能僅僅因為社會覺得被冒犯或者不同意而被禁止。”
簡單說,第一,校園秩序固然重要,但是言論自由更加重要,一切以維護校園秩序為名義限制言論自由的行為,都是違憲的。第二,,大學固然是象牙塔,但是也不能自外于憲法,任何違憲的校規都應當受到檢驗和修正。
這兩條,應當放之四海而皆準。
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過19萬的網紅妮柯基慢,也在其Youtube影片中提到,♥ 頻道訂閱以及更多影片資訊請點這邊➙ https://goo.gl/kYHgkR ▼ 本次節目為 ≣ 2018 (微私心)一月冬番推薦 ≣ 京桑賽高!! 動畫排序依次為: 爆肝工程師的異世界狂想曲 伊藤潤二驚選集 搖曳露營 citrus~柑橘味香氣~ 齊木楠雄的災難 第二季 擅長捉...
citrus意思 在 Diana Wang 王詩安 Facebook 八卦
剛滑手機看到的圖,分享給你們:
Mucus 是 黏液的意思。
圖左邊的食物吃了會產生黏液,
圖右邊的食物吃了會消除黏液。
大家過年不要吃太多不健康的哈😆
記得多喝水!🍏🍍🍊💦🏃🏻
新的一年要健康快樂!❤️✨
Mucus causing – Dairy products (yogurt, milk, sour cream, cottage cheese, ice cream, butter, ghee)
– All corn products
– Eggs
– Sugary treats (cookies, cake, pies, pastries)
– Wheat (bread, pretzels, buns, bagels, muffins, etc.)
– Deep fried foods
– All soy products
– Safflower/sunflower oil
– Jams and jellies
– High-fat red meat
– Alcohol
Eliminate Mucus and Treat Your Body Right
Eliminating foods that cause mucus is key to helping the body function at an optimal pace. Raw fruits and vegetables are one of the best mucus-cleansers out there. When I switch to a high-raw plant-based lifestyle, my mucus issues subsided and my health improved 10-fold.
Aside from that, however, there are also certain foods that can relieve excess mucus. These include:
– Radishes (red, daikon, horseradish, you name it – one of that best mucus-cleansers out there!)
– All leafy greens and herbs
– Cauliflower and broccoli
– Garlic
– Celery
– Asparagus
– Bamboo shoots
– Onions
– Ginger and turmeric
– Citrus fruits (lemons, limes, grapefruits, oranges, kumquats, etc.)
– Pineapple
– Berries
– Brussels sprouts
– Hot peppers
citrus意思 在 CheckCheckCin Facebook 八卦
【情緒健康】最近有甚麼事情令你好疏肝?
⭐肝好情緒自然好
⭐放鬆吓啦香港人
#星期四食材
行氣食材助疏肝
「疏肝」是廣東話抒發鬱結、心情暢快的意思,究竟與肝有何關係?其實「疏肝」一詞出自中醫,中醫理論認為肝主疏泄、調節情志,角色就像體內的交通督導員,專責保持全身經脈道路暢通,如果肝功能失調導致肝鬱,就會令情緒鬱悶,出現頭痛、多嘆氣、多打嗝或放屁、胃痛、大便不調、失眠等症狀;如果肝能順利疏泄,精神情緒就能愉悅。
當人遇上壓力或不快事情,容易氣頂或氣結難下,這種鬱悶感覺直接令體內氣血不順,阻礙肝臟的疏泄工作。所以遇上情緒問題,除了控制及發洩情緒,適量進食行氣食物,例如白蘿蔔、陳皮、五指毛桃、金桔、玫瑰花等,有助氣血運行,改善肝鬱氣滯的情況。
白蘿蔔 — 性寒,具順氣寬中、健胃消食、清熱利尿、生津止渴的功效,尤其適合氣滯、血瘀體質人士食用,有行氣功效;而氣虛體弱、虛喘氣短、容易腹瀉、陽虛體質不宜食用,正在服用補氣中藥亦要避免,否則影響藥效。
陳皮 — 性溫,能理氣健脾、燥濕化痰,紓緩寒痰、腹部脹痛、孕婦及宿醉人士的作悶欲吐等,適合有壓力、氣滯、血瘀、痰濕體質人士服用。
五指毛桃 — 性平,有健脾補肺、行氣利濕、舒筋活絡功效,尤其適合氣虛、脾虛人士服用。
金桔 — 性溫,有理氣解鬱、消食化痰的作用,對於有胸悶氣結、心情鬱悶的人最為適合,同時可紓緩因肝氣鬱結而引起食慾不振。脾胃氣虛者不宜多吃。
玫瑰花 — 性溫,有疏肝解鬱、行氣活血作用。因為有活血功效,月經期間不宜飲用。
✔推介茶療:疏肝
材料:玫瑰花、桂花、佛手、佛手花
功效:行氣解鬱,紓緩忙碌、經常嘆氣、精神壓力大、月經不適等症狀。
注意:孕婦及月經期間不宜飲用。
✔推介茶療:火龍果玫瑰茶
材料:紅火龍果、冰糖、蜂蜜、玫瑰花、檸檬及白毫烏龍
功效:疏肝解鬱,潤腸通便,適合大便不暢、有壓力、經常嘆氣、暗啞肌膚的人士。
注意:適合月經前飲用;月經期間、孕婦不宜。
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Relieve stress with ingredients that improve qi circulation
Soothing the liver, or ‘soh gon’ in Cantonese, means to relieve stress and improve our mood, but what has this got to do with the liver?
The term ‘soh gon’ actually derived from Chinese Traditional Medicine. According to its theory, liver is the central system that promotes circulation and dispersion, as well as regulates the emotions. It functions like a traffic warden of the body, who is in charge of ensuring the smooth circulation of the Meridians.
Individuals whose liver lose the function to regulate the body will experience emotional stress, headache; tend to sigh, burp or fart; suffer from stomach upset, abnormal stool consistency, and insomnia. If the liver is able to perform its functions well, our emotions will be stable and we will be in better spirit.
When we are stressed or experience unhappy events, we would experience the stagnation of the qi and blood, and this will inhibit the liver from performing its duty. Therefore, when we encounter emotional problems, we should learn to control ourselves and vent our frustrations appropriately. At the same time, consume food that will help improve qi circulation, such as white radish, dried citrus peel, hairy fig root, kumquat and rose flower, as these ingredients can improve the liver’s function to circulate and disperse, thus relieving the problem of stagnation.
White radish – cold in nature; can improve qi circulation, strengthen the stomach and aid digestion, induce diuresis and quench one’s thirst. It is especially suitable for individuals with conditions such as qi stagnation and blood stasis, as it promotes the qi circulation. It is not suitable for individuals with weakness of qi and body, as well as people who experience shortness of breath, prone to having diarrhea, and are deficient of the yang energy. Individuals who are taking Chinese medicine to replenish qi should avoid eating white radish, as it will inhibit the medicinal effect.
Dried citrus peel – warm in nature; can improve qi circulation and strengthen the spleen, dispel dampness and clear phlegm; relieve phlegm caused by cold, bloating, as well the nauseous feeling pregnant women and individuals who get hangovers would experience. It is also suitable for individuals who are under a lot of stress, experience qi stagnation, blood stasis and those with the phlegm-dampness body condition.
Hairy fig root – mild in nature; can strengthen the spleen and nourish the lungs; improve the circulation of qi and dispersion of dampness in the body, stimulate the circulation of the Meridians. It is especially suitable for individuals who experience qi deficiency and with a weak spleen.
Verified
Kumquat – warm in nature; can improve qi circulation and relieve stress, aid digestion and clear phlegm, suitable for individuals with chest tightness and with emotional problems. Kumquat can also improve appetite loss, which is caused by the qi stagnation in the liver. Those with qi deficiency in the spleen and stomach should limit the intake of kumquat.
Rose – warm in nature, can soothe the liver and relieve stress, improve the circulation of the qi and blood. Women during the menstrual period should not consume, as it promotes blood circulation.
✔Beauty Tea Recommendation:
Stress
Ingredients: Rose, Sweet Osmanthus, Fingered Citron, Fingered Citron Flower
Effects: Promotes qi circulation and relieves stagnation. Suitable for busy lifestyle, frequent sighing, stressfulness and menstrual discomfort
Note:Not suitable for pregnant or menstruating women.
✔Herbal Tea Recommendation:
Dragon Fruit Rose Tea
Ingredients: Water, Dragon Fruit Juice, Rock Sugar, Honey, Rose, Lemon Juice Concentrate, Oolong Tea
Effects: Relieves stress, moistens the bowels to relieve constipation. Suitable for difficulty passing stool, stress, frequent sighs, and dull complexion.
Note: To relieve menstrual discomfort, have this tea 3-7 days before period.
Not suitable for menstruating and pregnant women.
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#男 #女 #我有壓力 #氣滯 #血瘀 #失眠 #頭痛
citrus意思 在 妮柯基慢 Youtube 的評價
♥ 頻道訂閱以及更多影片資訊請點這邊➙ https://goo.gl/kYHgkR
▼ 本次節目為 ≣ 2018 (微私心)一月冬番推薦 ≣ 京桑賽高!!
動畫排序依次為:
爆肝工程師的異世界狂想曲
伊藤潤二驚選集
搖曳露營
citrus~柑橘味香氣~
齊木楠雄的災難 第二季
擅長捉弄人的高木同學
pop team epic
學園奶爸
Fate/EXTRA Last Encore
七大罪 第二季
overload 第二季
BEATLESS
刻刻 ─時間暫停─
庫洛魔法使 透明牌篇
紫羅蘭永恆花園
以上的動畫是這次有注意到的作品,如有什麼講不好的地方還請多多包涵
2018是個很適合廢在家看動畫的一年...阿..不是,我的意思是很多好作品可以關注的一年!!
所以繼續關注我的頻道,頻道將會不定期更新!
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citrus意思 在 《Citrus~柑橘味香氣~》- 第一話|【Ani-One】(日語原聲 的八卦
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