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reference example 在 Haruehun Airry Facebook 八卦

2020-09-05 05:10:14 有 3,802 人按讚

I’ve had a small discussion with some people in the industry to find the cause that obstructs someone (handsome) from getting into fame in modelling world.

First off, Thailand is a small market. They don’t have bonding connections like 華人 society where people speak the same language and share interests. As a result of the small purchasing power, international brands don’t pay attention to models just like they do in China. Also, people here tend to take European or Korean trend as a reference, so we are always followers.

What also stops people in Asia from shining is that they have a strict mindset which they feel obligated to take as a reference for we have lived in a collectivism society, while neglecting the fact that each of us is different. For example, you might have become an outstanding barber if you had chosen to, but people told you to be an engineer so now you’re struggling in a red ocean. Staying as a group is good but we have to look at the proper situation, not absolutely.

Though I’ve noticed some changes in recent years where young people become more individualistic. I admire this courage that is somehow inspiring to people from old generation. Anyway, I have always try to create things in an unconventional approach to celebrate the differences, because every life is precious. I want to be someone that helps make it worthwhile.

#diversity

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Haruehun Airry

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A Very Famous Photographer Contact: WORK.WITH.AIRRY@GMAIL.COM

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reference example 在 โปรแกรมเมอร์ไทย Thai programmer Facebook 八卦

By โปรแกรมเมอร์ไทย Thai programmer

2019-07-20 09:18:10 有 2,268 人按讚

เรื่องแก้บั๊กในฝัน ฟังอาจเป็นเรื่องตลก 555
แต่มันก็พออธิบายได้ด้วยวิทยาศาสตร์ด้านสมองนะครับ
ตามทฤษฏี สมองมนุษย์มีการเรียนรู้อยู่ 2 โหมด ได้แก่
“โหมดเซียน” กับ “โหมด 9 หาง”
…อ้าวผิดเรื่อง …อันนั้นมัน การ์ตูนนารูโตะ...
Continue ReadingThe dream cuddle th story. Listen to it may be funny. Haha.
But it's enough to explain it with brain science.
According to theory, human brain has 2 Modes of learning:
" Sian mode " with " 9 tail mode "
... Oh, wrong story... that one is a naruto cartoon.
.
Let's get into a sensible story than learning the brain. There are 2 Modes:
- FOCUSED
- DIFFUSED
.
👉 1) focused mode
It's a mode of the brain that is focusing.
Or Concentrate on thinking about something
This mode, the brain will use the same way to solve problems.
Make us determined to find a solution for cuddle nha or try to find the problem quickly.
.
😋 the advantages make us focus on achieving that job quickly.
Such as programming, need to focus on getting the job done.
.
😔 disadvantage will be thought loop
Such as when I met cuddle in the program.
We will loop. Use the same way to fix it again.
Trying to press keyboard the same way
Until my finger is stabbing through the keyboard.
I can't fix cuddle... so that I want to cry.
.
This is because my brain won't look for a solution.
Not out of the frame. I think the same way.
It's the disadvantage of the brain. This mode
.
👉 2) second mode is diffused mode
The mode of the brain is thinking.
When in relaxation or resting
Such as when we take a walk, drive, listen to music, shower, toilet or even sleep, etc etc.
.
If you can't imagine, think of when we were in trouble.
When my head is about to touch the pillow, I can think about it.
Or often sleep away
When I wake up and find an idea to solve the problem, push and ride out.
.
Or when I'm in the shower, I took a heavy shot. Hum in my throat.
Suddenly figured out a solution
.
😋 Advantages of this mode to solve problems that you have never seen before or hard to understand.
Can be used to think, ideas or ideas, new creative ideas make us think outside the original frame.
.
For example, help find a solution to cuddle in the program.
In a corner that I never thought of before
Help break the same rules that we are in trouble.
.
😔 disadvantage. This mode works when we relax.
Such as daytime programmer
I almost died all day. I couldn't solve it.
When I finish work, I go home.
Bout to take a nap and figure it out... damn life
.
Or someone has a special skill to fix the cuddle in their dream.
So that I have to wake up.
From Programmer to owl
I won't sleep. I will finish writing the program.
:
:
+++++++++++++++++++
If we understand the concept of the brain 2 Modes.
- when you can't solve the problem, switch to diffused mode.
- when I get the idea, I switch to focus mode.
:
But we must understand that
All human beings can't use these 2 modes at once... sad 😔
Must choose between focused mode or diffused mode
Choose to work only one mode
:
Therefore, we need to learn to switch brain 2 mode.
:
How to switch mode of brain
It's useful at work
Or while reading the exam
.
How to switch mode. I present 2 ways.
👉 1) using technique is "Pomodoro technique"
Well, let me work for 25 minutes (focused mode)
Then relax for another 5 minutes (diffused)
.
But this way may not be suitable for real work.
... because if the boss sees us doing this
I think that I'm working. Stop.
We could have modified for an hour or two.
When my brain is tired, I take a break. Sip in the middle of coffee and talk to my boyfriend.
Playing games, relax, walking, stretching, hanging out, sitting in the toilet for fun.
Do it for 5-10 minutes. Enough.
... but the boss must understand that we are relaxing.
... it's a technique of thinking using diffused mode brain
.
👉 2) or we will let all day work
What if the sun sets still can't figure it out
Don't be serious. Let's go home to bed early.
To get the brain into a natural diffused mode
It's a reset of new thoughts. When I wake up, my brain is clear.
I will come back to focus mode in the morning to continue working.
:
:
Hope this article is helpful
If you like to beat like.... they like it. Don't scold me too much. It hurts.
Written by Thai Programmer Thai programmer

++++
Reference:
https://www.patanasongsivilai.com/blog/การเรียนรู้ของสมอง-diffused-focused/Translated

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โปรแกรมเมอร์ไทย Thai programmer

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เพจนี้เปิดใช้งานเมื่อ 22 มิถุนายน 2014 เพจนี้เน้นหนักไป ทางการเขียนโปรแกรม คอมพิวเตอร์ และไอที ล้วน ๆ แบบฮาร์ดคอ หรือจะไร้สาระ มุกตลกขำ

ให้สาระด้านไอที คอมพิวเตอร์ และอาชีพโปรแกรมเมอร์ และสายงานด้านคอมพิวเตอร์

reference example 在 ลงทุนแมน Facebook 八卦

By ลงทุนแมน

2020-09-11 17:59:11 有 2,062 人按讚

MEA x ลงทุนแมน
MEA กับภารกิจขับเคลื่อน Smart Energy
พ.ศ. 2501 คือปีก่อตั้งของการไฟฟ้านครหลวง หรือ Metropolitan Electricity Authority (MEA)
เท่ากับว่าในปีนี้ MEA มีอายุ 62 ปีแล้ว

ในปัจจุบันโลกกำลังถูกขับเคลื่อนด้วยเทคโนโลยี
ที่ผลักดันให้ทุกอย่างเปลี่ยนผ่านเข้าสู่ยุคดิจิทัล
ซึ่งจะส่งผลให้วิถีชีวิตของผู้คนเปลี่ยนแปลงไปจากเดิม

แล้ว MEA ในฐานะผู้ให้บริการพลังงานไฟฟ้าในเขตมหานคร
จะช่วยขับเคลื่อนการใช้พลังงานไฟฟ้าให้เข้าสู่ยุคสมัยใหม่ได้อย่างไร ?

เพราะความต้องการใช้ไฟฟ้าของผู้คนมีมากขึ้น
ดังนั้น MEA จึงต้องบริหารจัดการไฟฟ้าอย่างครอบคลุมมีประสิทธิภาพ
และพัฒนาเทคโนโลยีอย่างต่อเนื่อง เพื่อรองรับ Demand & Supply
ตอบสนองวิถีชีวิตและการใช้เทคโนโลยีในเมืองมหานคร

หนึ่งในภารกิจสำคัญในตอนนี้ของ MEA
คือการพัฒนาระบบพลังงานอัจฉริยะ (Smart Energy)
ผ่านการสร้าง “ระบบโครงข่ายไฟฟ้าอัจฉริยะ”
หรือที่เรียกว่า “Smart Metro Grid Project”

ถ้าให้อธิบายคำว่า Smart Metro Grid แบบง่าย ๆ ก็คือการเปลี่ยนโครงข่ายไฟฟ้าแบบเดิม ให้เป็นระบบดิจิทัล พร้อมมีการบริหารจัดการระบบที่ทันสมัย โดยหนึ่งเครื่องมือที่สำคัญของเรื่องนี้ คือ “Smart Meter”

Smart Meter จะมีความแตกต่างจากมิเตอร์ไฟฟ้าแบบดั้งเดิม
คือนอกจากจะทำหน้าที่แค่อ่านค่าปริมาณการใช้ไฟฟ้าแล้ว
ยังมีคุณสมบัติในการรับส่งข้อมูลได้แบบ สองทาง (Two-Way Communication)
และข้อมูลนั้นจะปรากฏและแสดงผลในทันทีแบบ Real-time
ทำให้ MEA ทราบถึงปริมาณการจ่ายไฟฟ้าไปในแต่ละที่ได้ชัดเจน
และทราบถึงปัญหาที่เกิดขึ้นได้อย่างแม่นยำและรวดเร็ว

ยกตัวอย่างเช่น หากมีเหตุไฟฟ้าขัดข้องเกิดขึ้น
ระบบ Smart Metro Grid จะทราบพื้นที่บริเวณที่เกิดปัญหาขัดข้องได้ในทันที

หมายความว่า ระบบ Smart Metro Grid
จะเป็นจุดเปลี่ยนสำคัญ ที่จะทำให้ MEA
สามารถวิเคราะห์ข้อมูล บริหารจัดการ และให้บริการได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ
ซึ่งจะทำให้การจัดการพลังงานภายในบ้านเรือน อาคารสำนักงาน มีประสิทธิภาพมากยิ่งขึ้นในอนาคต

โดยในช่วงแรกของโครงการ
MEA ตั้งเป้าติดตั้ง Smart Meter จำนวน 31,539 ชุด ในกลุ่มผู้ใช้ไฟฟ้านำร่อง
เขตพื้นที่ กรุงเทพมหานคร นนทบุรี และสมุทรปราการ
โดยที่ผู้ใช้ไฟฟ้าไม่ต้องเสียค่าใช้จ่ายในการติดตั้ง

ซึ่งคาดว่าจะเสร็จสิ้น และเริ่มทดลองใช้ได้ภายในปี พ.ศ. 2565
จากนั้นจึงจะขยายการติดตั้งให้ครอบคลุมผู้ใช้บริการในพื้นที่ทั้งหมดในอนาคต

นอกเหนือจากการจัดการไฟฟ้าในอาคารบ้านเรือนแล้ว
ระบบ Smart Metro Grid ยังเป็นพื้นฐานสำคัญในการเชื่อมโยงพลังงานสะอาด
อย่างเช่น พลังงานไฟฟ้าจากแสงอาทิตย์ ผ่านโซลาร์เซลล์ และ โซลาร์รูฟท็อป

รวมทั้งยังเชื่อมโยงไปสู่รถยนต์ไฟฟ้า EV ขับเคลื่อนด้วยพลังงานสะอาด
ในการพัฒนาสถานีชาร์จ สำหรับรองรับการใช้งานรถยนต์ไฟฟ้า
เพื่อช่วยให้โลกของเราน่าอยู่ขึ้น ทั้งลดมลพิษทางอากาศ
และไม่ปล่อยก๊าซคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ นับได้ว่าเป็นเทรนด์รักษ์โลก รักษ์พลังงาน
ที่จะนำไปสู่การเปลี่ยนแปลงครั้งใหญ่ ในอนาคตอันใกล้นี้..

Reference
- เว็บไซต์การไฟฟ้านครหลวง: www.mea.or.th
MEA x invest man
MEA with Smart Energy Drive mission
P.O. 2501 is the beginning of electricity from Nakhon Luang or Metropolitan Electricity Authority (MEA)
Equal to this year MEA is 62 years old.

The world is now being driven by technology.
That pushes everything to change through the digital age.
Which will change people's lifestyle.

Then MEA as an electric energy provider in the metropolitan area.
How to drive electric energy into the modern era?

Because more people's electricity demand.
Therefore, MEA needs to manage electricity effectively.
And continuously developing technology to support Demand & Supply
Responding to lifestyle and technology in Metropolitan City

One of the important mission now of MEA
The development of smart energy system (Smart Energy)
Through the creation of ′′ Smart Electric Network ′′
Aka ′′ Smart Metro Grid Project ′′

If you simply describe Smart Metro Grid, it's a simple way to change the same electric network into a digital system with modern system management. One of the important tools of this story is ′′ Smart Meter

Smart Marteter will be different from traditional electric meter.
Well, in addition to just reading the electricity cost.
Two-Way Communication Qualifications
And that information will appear and show instantly real-time.
Make MEA know the clear amount of electricity supply
And know precisely and fastly about the problems

For example, if an electrical malfunction happens.
Smart Metro Grid system will immediately know the area of the problem.

It means Smart Metro Grid System
Will be a key turning point to make MEA
Can analyze data, manage and serve effectively.
This will make energy management in homes, office buildings more efficient in the future.

By in the first phase of the project
MEA aims to install 31,539 sets of Smart Meter in the pilot power group.
Bangkok area, Nonthaburi and Samut Prakan area.
Electric users don't cost installation

Which is expected to complete and start trial by year. 2565 baht
Installation will then be extended to cover all local service users in future.

In addition to electrical management in house buildings.
Smart Metro Grid system is also an essential foundation to connect clean energy.
For example, electricity from solar through solar and solar rooftop.

Including links to EV electric cars driven by clean energy.
In development of charging stations to support electric cars.
To help our planet live up, reduce air pollution
And no carbon dioxide emission is considered as a trend of conservation of energy.
That will lead to big changes in the near future..

Reference
- Nakhon Luang Electricity Site: www.mea.or.thTranslated

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reference example 在 KAWAII PATEEN Youtube 的評價

By KAWAII PATEEN

2014-06-04 15:54:26 有 128,089 人看過有 2,809 人喜歡

KAWAII♥PATEEN Skill-up #6
TRADITIONAL - SWEET - GOTHIC - CLASSICAL - PRINCE
Lolita Styles reference Tutorial
by Misako Aoki

-- Videos in this series --

Lolita genres reference :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0izDSIrrus&index=3&list=PL7k_Q9ypWTRJ-9qtctz7AVh3071QGAfJP

Lolita Hair accessories reference :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtmTwpPI10Q&index=1&list=PL7k_Q9ypWTRIJAU1hhlCCMreZHqeX-MbG

There are a lot of styles in Lolita fashion : Traditional, classical, gothic, sweet, prince, punk, pirate etc... and it is often difficult to get the difference between some of them, so we grouped them in 5 main categories and had Misako Aoki explain them thoroughly especially for KAWAII PATEEN.
This video is an extension of the styles Misako presented in her noes Lolita fasshion book, which presentation video is here :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=waoNw9Od9QA

--
Have fun with Fashion!
- KAWAII♥PATEEN -
Everything kawaii, Street fashion snaps, makeup tutorials and reports on fashion events in TOKYO!!
Also on Facebook with tons of photos :
https://www.facebook.com/Tokyo.Street.Fashion.KAWAII.PATEEN

—
Official site : http://waoryu.jp

Hi everyone, this is Aoki Misako (Japanese name order; the surname is Aoki).

Today, I'm paying a visit to the storeroom of Baby, The Stars Shine Bright (top lolita fashion boutique chain in Japan, shortened to Baby).
Here, I'll introduce 5 major styles in lolita fashion.

The first is "Traditional Lolita".
This style consists of cute, girlish dresses made from plain, natural-toned fabrics and lace.
Traditional Lolita is the old-school style worn by (actress) Fukada Kyoko in the movie Kamikaze Girls. It places a lot of emphasis on basic colors, lace and ribbons to achieve that sweet, feminine look.
Even though patterned fabrics are all the rage these days, vintage dresses like these with natural cloth and lots of lace are timeless and have never gone out of style.

The chest area of this dress is shirred, making it exceptionally comfortable and easy to wear. Check out these 2 ribbons. The blouse can easily be matched with anything.
These items are sold in a set by Baby, making it easy even for beginners to coordinate, such as with this matching Alice band.

Now i'll introduce hair accessories for the Traditional Lolita style.
First is this headdress i'm wearing; it's a classic piece that is iconic of Lolita fashion.

Next are these ribbon hair ties, which can be used to create an array of hairstyles, such as twin ponytails.

And here is perhaps the easiest item to accessorize with, the ribbon Alice band. Like magic, the simple addition of one can turn any look from plain to adorable.

At times when you want to tone down your Traditional Lolita outfit, or during cold weather, i recommend these fluffy beret hats.

The style I'm wearing now is called "Sweet Lolita".
The hallmark of this style is pink color from head to toe, together with patterns featuring chocolates, candy, animals and other such sweet and cuddly motifs.

This Sweet Lolita dress's design features Baby's original character Kuma Kumya, along with cookies and chocolates. It is a very popular style at the moment.
When you put it on, it looks so sweet that you could almost smell the aroma of chocolate coming from it!

This piece has a "Kumya and Friends" design with a Halloween theme. Lately, having seasonal themed designs such as for Christmas and Halloween has become very popular in the Lolita fashion world.

The design of this piece is called "Alice's Dollhouse". It is filled with images of Alice having a tea party with her animal friends like Rabbit and Cat.

Sweet Lolita is all about pink - for example this blouse made of pink fabric coordinated with this jumper decorated with pink patterns. On top of this pink-on-pink theme, it uses images of sweet things like candy and pastries, and feminine things like cosmetics, to really maximise the sense of feminine identity.

This piece I'm wearing retells the story of Hansel and Gretel with lots of sweets, it's really cute, and one of the bestsellers as well.

For the Sweet Lolita, carrying an animal-shaped bag like this one further enhances the cuteness of the look.
This one is Kuma Kumya, and this one is Rabbit Kumya. It has a 'kiss lock' type metal clasp.
Many Sweet Lolitas coordinate their outfits with accessories like these. For an even bolder statement, you could also go for a backpack. It's just big enough to contain snacks and sweets.

As for hair accessories for the Sweet Lolita, besides the ubiquitous ribbon Alice band, mini hats like this are in fashion now.
This one is designed to look like a piece of strawberry chocolate, and other than wearing it on your own head, you could also let Kuma Kumya wear it!

KAWAII PATEEN

About author

原宿・渋谷のKAWAIIファッションや青文字文化・ギャル・コスプレを中心にクールジャパンを海外に発信するチャンネルです。 Cute and funny fashion tutorials and many more from Harajuku/Shibuya/Tokyo Japan! We are broadcasting couple times a week so don't miss it! Kawaii♡Pateen is a show focused on popular and original fashion styles born in Harajuku, Shibuya and Akihabara. Kawaii♡Pateen is about make-up, fashion, cosplay, street fashion, and FUN! 出演者へのお問い合わせは TLEFIE info@tlefie.jp Twiiter https://twitter.com/KawaiiPateen Instagram https://www.instagram.com/kawaiipateen ■Produced by WAO AGENCY http://agency.wao.ne.jp/media.html

reference example 在 Rayner Teo Youtube 的評價

By Rayner Teo

2018-08-28 14:00:00 有 90,592 人看過有 1,785 人喜歡

Five techniques you can use to trail your stop-loss rides.

SUBSCRIBE: https://bit.ly/2MsGjRR

If you want more actionable trading tips and strategies, go to https://www.tradingwithrayner.com

0:19 Trailing Stop Loss Technique #1
The first technique that I want to share with you is moving average. By now, I think that you should be familiar that moving average is something that you can use to trail you stop-loss, so, for example, let's say that you went long on the break of this highs over here. The market break of this high over here, and you can trail your stop-loss using this moving average. This is the trending period moving average. So you only exit the trade when the price breaks and closes below it.

2:00 Trailing Stop Loss Technique #2
The second technique is the market structure. So for those of you who are price action traders, you can use the structure of the markets to trail your stop-loss. Here is an example, we can see over here, let's say for example, again you long the break out over here, the market hits higher, retraces right. This is the swing-low, which we can reference to set your stop-loss, so your stop-loss won't go below your swing-low. The market makes a new high, makes a new swing-low, this swing-low you can reference your stop-loss, the market makes a new high, retraces - makes a new swing-low, you can reference it as your stop-loss. The market makes a new swing high, and then it retraces, and finally over here, breaks and closes below the swing low over here, where you exit the trade.

3:54 Trailing Stop Loss Technique #3
The third technique I want to share with you is percentage change. This is very straightforward. Very useful for stock traders. This stock: Alibaba, you can see that it made a high of $110 so what it can do is that it can just use a percentage change to trail a stop-loss.

5:00 Trailing Stop Loss Technique #4
The fourth technique I want to share with you is Average True Range. A very powerful way to trail your stop-losses. Well, how it works, is that, ignore this indicator for a while. So by right now, you know what the A-T-R indicator is, its a measurement of volatility in a market. So if you pull out your A-T-R indicator, it will give you a value. So let's say for example the A-T-R indicator currently shows you, let's say 100 pips for euro dollar.

7:20 Trailing Stop Loss Technique #5
And, lastly right, you can use the previous candle high/low to trail your stop-loss. Let me share with you an example, so if you recall bitcoin, it has been moving pretty strongly over the last of, I'll say 2017. You can see that the market went parabolic over here, the range of the candles got larger and larger. So where you could have trailed your stop-losses is that if the price breaks and close below the previous day low, you'll exit the trade.

A quick recap, the first technique I shared with you is to use the moving average to trail a stop-loss. Or you can use market structure referencing from the swing-high and swing-low to trail your stop-loss. You can use percentage change as well right, if the price drops x percent, you exit the trade. You can use the average true range, slash chandelier stop, to trail your stop-loss, which is based on the volatility of the market. And, last but not least, you can trail based on the previous candle high or low, which is very useful when the market has gone parabolic. Okay, so I have come to the end of this video.

If you want to learn more, go down to my website https://www.tradingwithrayner.com over here at the top, if you want to learn more, for example this video, we focused a lot on exits and trailing stop-loss, if you want to learn about entries, go to my website tradingwithrayner.com, download this guide over here, The Ultimate Guide to Price Action Trading, where you will learn how to better time your entries, and read the price action from the markets. Just click this blue button, and I'll send it to your email address for free! With that said, I have come to the end of this video, any feedback, comment and let me know in the comment section below. If you enjoyed this video hit the like button, subscribe to my YouTube channel, I would really appreciate it, and I will talk to you soon.

Rayner Teo

About author

Hi! My name is Rayner Teo, an independent trader, and the founder of TradingwithRayner. You won't see me post pictures of Lamborghini, Ferrari, or hot chicks because it won't help you become a better trader. Instead, what you'll get are educational videos on Price Action Trading, Stocks, Forex, and Technical Analysis. If you want to learn more, go to https://www.tradingwithrayner.com/ Disclaimer: Financial trading has large potential rewards, but also large potential risk. You must be aware of the risks and be willing to accept them in order to trade the financial markets. This YouTube channel is intended for educational purposes only. No representation is being made that any account will or is likely to achieve profits or losses similar to those discussed on this channel. The past performance of any trading system or methodology is not necessarily indicative of future results.

reference example 在 Spice N' Pans Youtube 的評價

By Spice N' Pans

2017-12-30 10:03:44 有 80,161 人看過有 1,303 人喜歡

[Homemade Crispy Seafood Tofu]
—-
We really enjoy making our own tofu from scratch because it's so easy to make & you can customise the ingredients as per your preference. As the name "seafood tofu" suggests, Roland added prawn & fish paste to the tofu. The sweetness from the prawns & fish made the tofu really yummy. This is just an example of how you can customise your own tofu. Perhaps you wanna use this as a basic recipe to whip out your own unique tofu.

Refer to the ingredient list below or go to http://spicenpans.com/crispy-seafood-tofu/ for your easy reference.

Hope you can recreate this yummy dish in the comfort of your home. Thanks for dropping by our channel.

Please subscribe to stay tuned to our home cooking videos.

Follow us on:
YouTube www.youtube.com/spicenpans
Facebook www.facebook.com/spicenpans
Instagram www.instagram.com/spicenpans

Chat with us!
info@spicenpans.com

Thanks for watching!

See you soon.

xoxo
Jamie
on behalf of Spice N’ Pans

Ingredients:
Serves 6

Stage 1
------
7 eggs
0.5 teaspoon of salt
500ml of unsweetened soya bean milk

Stage 2
------
400g of prawns - de-shelled & de-veined
200g of fish paste
0.5 teaspoon of salt

Stage 3
------
about 200g of corn flour

Spice N' Pans

About author

Hihi! Thanks so much for watching our videos! We are a couple from Singapore. Usually Roland cooks & Jamie hides behind the scene filming, editing, photo-taking & doing everything else including replying to your comments. We specialise in Singapore-influenced Chinese food but we do cook other types of food every now & then. As we have other full-time jobs (not Spice N' Pans related) so please pardon us if we can't do more to help you. When our channel was much smaller, we were able to reply almost to all of your comments & we love doing that. However, as our subscriber base grows (thank you so much!!), it has become very challenging for us to do so. We hope some of you can help us by replying to some of the questions posed by our fellow avid home cooks. Thank you so so much for sharing our passion.

社群媒體上有些相關的討論：

reference example 在 Using APA style for references and citations - YouTube 的八卦

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reference example 在 YouTube Player API Reference for iframe Embeds - Google ... 的八卦

The IFrame player API lets you embed a YouTube video player on your website and control the player using JavaScript.

Using the API's JavaScript functions, you can queue videos for playback; play, pause, or stop those videos; adjust the player volume; or retrieve information about the video being played. You can also add event listeners that will execute in response to certain player events, such as a player state change.

This guide explains how to use the IFrame API. It identifies the different types of events that the API can send and explains how to write event listeners to respond to those events. It also details the different JavaScript functions that you can call to control the video player as well as the player parameters you can use to further customize the player.

Requirements

The user's browser must support the HTML5 postMessage feature. Most modern browsers support postMessage.

Embedded players must have a viewport that is at least 200px by 200px. If the player displays controls, it must be large enough to fully display the controls without shrinking the viewport below the minimum size. We recommend 16:9 players be at least 480 pixels wide and 270 pixels tall.

Any web page that uses the IFrame API must also implement the following JavaScript function:

onYouTubeIframeAPIReady – The API will call this function when the page has finished downloading the JavaScript for the player API, which enables you to then use the API on your page. Thus, this function might create the player objects that you want to display when the page loads.

Getting started

The sample HTML page below creates an embedded player that will load a video, play it for six seconds, and then stop the playback. The numbered comments in the HTML are explained in the list below the example.


 <!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
   <body>
     <!-- 1. The <iframe> (and video player) will replace this <div> tag. -->
     <div id="player"></div>    <script>
       // 2. This code loads the IFrame Player API code asynchronously.
       var tag = document.createElement('script');      tag.src = "https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api";
       var firstScriptTag = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
       firstScriptTag.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, firstScriptTag);      // 3. This function creates an <iframe> (and YouTube player)
       //    after the API code downloads.
       var player;
       function onYouTubeIframeAPIReady() {
         player = new YT.Player('player', {
           height: '390',
           width: '640',
           videoId: 'M7lc1UVf-VE',
           playerVars: {
             'playsinline': 1
           },
           events: {
             'onReady': onPlayerReady,
             'onStateChange': onPlayerStateChange
           }
         });
       }      // 4. The API will call this function when the video player is ready.
       function onPlayerReady(event) {
         event.target.playVideo();
       }      // 5. The API calls this function when the player's state changes.
       //    The function indicates that when playing a video (state=1),
       //    the player should play for six seconds and then stop.
       var done = false;
       function onPlayerStateChange(event) {
         if (event.data == YT.PlayerState.PLAYING && !done) {
           setTimeout(stopVideo, 6000);
           done = true;
         }
       }
       function stopVideo() {
         player.stopVideo();
       }
     </script>
   </body>
 </html>

The following list provides more details about the sample above:

The <div> tag in this section identifies the location on the page where the IFrame API will place the video player. The constructor for the player object, which is described in the Loading a video player section, identifies the <div> tag by its id to ensure that the API places the <iframe> in the proper location. Specifically, the IFrame API will replace the <div> tag with the <iframe> tag.

As an alternative, you could also put the <iframe> element directly on the page. The Loading a video player section explains how to do so.

The code in this section loads the IFrame Player API JavaScript code. The example uses DOM modification to download the API code to ensure that the code is retrieved asynchronously. (The <script> tag's async attribute, which also enables asynchronous downloads, is not yet supported in all modern browsers as discussed in this Stack Overflow answer.

The onYouTubeIframeAPIReady function will execute as soon as the player API code downloads. This portion of the code defines a global variable, player, which refers to the video player you are embedding, and the function then constructs the video player object.

The onPlayerReady function will execute when the onReady event fires. In this example, the function indicates that when the video player is ready, it should begin to play.

The API will call the onPlayerStateChange function when the player's state changes, which may indicate that the player is playing, paused, finished, and so forth. The function indicates that when the player state is 1 (playing), the player should play for six seconds and then call the stopVideo function to stop the video.

Loading a video player

After the API's JavaScript code loads, the API will call the onYouTubeIframeAPIReady function, at which point you can construct a YT.Player object to insert a video player on your page. The HTML excerpt below shows the onYouTubeIframeAPIReady function from the example above:


 var player;
 function onYouTubeIframeAPIReady() {
   player = new YT.Player('player', {
     height: '390',
     width: '640',
     videoId: 'M7lc1UVf-VE',
     playerVars: {
       'playsinline': 1
     },
     events: {
       'onReady': onPlayerReady,
       'onStateChange': onPlayerStateChange
     }
   });
 }

The constructor for the video player specifies the following parameters:

The first parameter specifies either the DOM element or the id of the HTML element where the API will insert the <iframe> tag containing the player.

The IFrame API will replace the specified element with the <iframe> element containing the player. This could affect the layout of your page if the element being replaced has a different display style than the inserted <iframe> element. By default, an <iframe> displays as an inline-block element.

The second parameter is an object that specifies player options. The object contains the following properties:

width (number) – The width of the video player. The default value is 640.
height (number) – The height of the video player. The default value is 390.
videoId (string) – The YouTube video ID that identifies the video that the player will load.
playerVars (object) – The object's properties identify player parameters that can be used to customize the player.
events (object) – The object's properties identify the events that the API fires and the functions (event listeners) that the API will call when those events occur. In the example, the constructor indicates that the onPlayerReady function will execute when the onReady event fires and that the onPlayerStateChange function will execute when the onStateChange event fires.

As mentioned in the Getting started section, instead of writing an empty <div> element on your page, which the player API's JavaScript code will then replace with an <iframe> element, you could create the <iframe> tag yourself. The first example in the Examples section shows how to do this.

<iframe id="player" type="text/html" width="640" height="390"
   src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/M7lc1UVf-VE?enablejsapi=1&origin=http://example.com"
   frameborder="0"></iframe>

Note that if you do write the <iframe> tag, then when you construct the YT.Player object, you do not need to specify values for the width and height, which are specified as attributes of the <iframe> tag, or the videoId and player parameters, which are are specified in the src URL. As an extra security measure, you should also include the origin parameter to the URL, specifying the URL scheme (http:// or https://) and full domain of your host page as the parameter value. While origin is optional, including it protects against malicious third-party JavaScript being injected into your page and hijacking control of your YouTube player.

For other examples on constructing video player objects, see Examples.

Operations

To call the player API methods, you must first get a reference to the player object you wish to control. You obtain the reference by creating a YT.Player object as discussed in the Getting started and Loading a video player sections of this document.

FunctionsQueueing functions

Queueing functions allow you to load and play a video, a playlist, or another list of videos. If you are using the object syntax described below to call these functions, then you can also queue or load a list of a user's uploaded videos.

The API supports two different syntaxes for calling the queueing functions.

The argument syntax requires function arguments to be listed in a prescribed order.

The object syntax lets you pass an object as a single parameter and to define object properties for the function arguments that you wish to set. In addition, the API may support additional functionality that the argument syntax does not support.

For example, the loadVideoById function can be called in either of the following ways. Note that the object syntax supports the endSeconds property, which the argument syntax does not support.

Argument syntax

loadVideoById("bHQqvYy5KYo", 5, "large")

Object syntax


 loadVideoById({'videoId': 'bHQqvYy5KYo',
                'startSeconds': 5,
                'endSeconds': 60});

Queueing functions for videos
cueVideoById

Argument syntax


 player.cueVideoById(videoId:String,
                     startSeconds:Number):Void

Object syntax


 player.cueVideoById({videoId:String,
                      startSeconds:Number,
                      endSeconds:Number}):Void

This function loads the specified video's thumbnail and prepares the player to play the video. The player does not request the FLV until playVideo() or seekTo() is called.

The required videoId parameter specifies the YouTube Video ID of the video to be played. In the YouTube Data API, a video resource's id property specifies the ID.
The optional startSeconds parameter accepts a float/integer and specifies the time from which the video should start playing when playVideo() is called. If you specify a startSeconds value and then call seekTo(), then the player plays from the time specified in the seekTo() call. When the video is cued and ready to play, the player will broadcast a video cued event (5).
The optional endSeconds parameter, which is only supported in object syntax, accepts a float/integer and specifies the time when the video should stop playing when playVideo() is called. If you specify an endSeconds value and then call seekTo(), the endSeconds value will no longer be in effect.

loadVideoById

Argument syntax


 player.loadVideoById(videoId:String,
                      startSeconds:Number):Void

Object syntax


 player.loadVideoById({videoId:String,
                       startSeconds:Number,
                       endSeconds:Number}):Void

This function loads and plays the specified video.

The required videoId parameter specifies the YouTube Video ID of the video to be played. In the YouTube Data API, a video resource's id property specifies the ID.
The optional startSeconds parameter accepts a float/integer. If it is specified, then the video will start from the closest keyframe to the specified time.
The optional endSeconds parameter accepts a float/integer. If it is specified, then the video will stop playing at the specified time.

cueVideoByUrl

Argument syntax


 player.cueVideoByUrl(mediaContentUrl:String,
                      startSeconds:Number):Void

Object syntax


 player.cueVideoByUrl({mediaContentUrl:String,
                       startSeconds:Number,
                       endSeconds:Number}):Void

This function loads the specified video's thumbnail and prepares the player to play the video. The player does not request the FLV until playVideo() or seekTo() is called.

The required mediaContentUrl parameter specifies a fully qualified YouTube player URL in the format http://www.youtube.com/v/VIDEO_ID?version=3.
The optional startSeconds parameter accepts a float/integer and specifies the time from which the video should start playing when playVideo() is called. If you specify startSeconds and then call seekTo(), then the player plays from the time specified in the seekTo() call. When the video is cued and ready to play, the player will broadcast a video cued event (5).
The optional endSeconds parameter, which is only supported in object syntax, accepts a float/integer and specifies the time when the video should stop playing when playVideo() is called. If you specify an endSeconds value and then call seekTo(), the endSeconds value will no longer be in effect.

loadVideoByUrl

Argument syntax


 player.loadVideoByUrl(mediaContentUrl:String,
                       startSeconds:Number):Void

Object syntax


 player.loadVideoByUrl({mediaContentUrl:String,
                        startSeconds:Number,
                        endSeconds:Number}):Void

This function loads and plays the specified video.

Queueing functions for lists

The cuePlaylist and loadPlaylist functions allow you to load and play a playlist. If you are using object syntax to call these functions, you can also queue (or load) a list of a user's uploaded videos.

Since the functions work differently depending on whether they are called using the argument syntax or the object syntax, both calling methods are documented below.

cuePlaylist

Argument syntax


 player.cuePlaylist(playlist:String|Array,
                    index:Number,
                    startSeconds:Number):Void

Queues the specified playlist. When the playlist is cued and ready to play, the player will broadcast a video cued event (5).

The required playlist parameter specifies an array of YouTube video IDs. In the YouTube Data API, the video resource's id property identifies that video's ID.

The optional index parameter specifies the index of the first video in the playlist that will play. The parameter uses a zero-based index, and the default parameter value is 0, so the default behavior is to load and play the first video in the playlist.

The optional startSeconds parameter accepts a float/integer and specifies the time from which the first video in the playlist should start playing when the playVideo() function is called. If you specify a startSeconds value and then call seekTo(), then the player plays from the time specified in the seekTo() call. If you cue a playlist and then call the playVideoAt() function, the player will start playing at the beginning of the specified video.

Object syntax


 player.cuePlaylist({listType:String,
                     list:String,
                     index:Number,
                     startSeconds:Number}):Void

Queues the specified list of videos. The list can be a playlist or a user's uploaded videos feed. The ability to queue a list of search results is deprecated and will no longer be supported as of 15 November 2020.

When the list is cued and ready to play, the player will broadcast a video cued event (5).

The optional listType property specifies the type of results feed that you are retrieving. Valid values are playlist and user_uploads. A deprecated value, search, will no longer be supported as of 15 November 2020. The default value is playlist.

The required list property contains a key that identifies the particular list of videos that YouTube should return.

If the listType property value is playlist, then the list property specifies the playlist ID or an array of video IDs. In the YouTube Data API, the playlist resource's id property identifies a playlist's ID, and the video resource's id property specifies a video ID.
If the listType property value is user_uploads, then the list property identifies the user whose uploaded videos will be returned.
If the listType property value is search, then the list property specifies the search query. Note: This functionality is deprecated and will no longer be supported as of 15 November 2020.

The optional index property specifies the index of the first video in the list that will play. The parameter uses a zero-based index, and the default parameter value is 0, so the default behavior is to load and play the first video in the list.

The optional startSeconds property accepts a float/integer and specifies the time from which the first video in the list should start playing when the playVideo() function is called. If you specify a startSeconds value and then call seekTo(), then the player plays from the time specified in the seekTo() call. If you cue a list and then call the playVideoAt() function, the player will start playing at the beginning of the specified video.

loadPlaylist

Argument syntax


 player.loadPlaylist(playlist:String|Array,
                     index:Number,
                     startSeconds:Number):Void

This function loads the specified playlist and plays it.

The required playlist parameter specifies an array of YouTube video IDs. In the YouTube Data API, the video resource's id property specifies a video ID.

The optional startSeconds parameter accepts a float/integer and specifies the time from which the first video in the playlist should start playing.

Object syntax


 player.loadPlaylist({list:String,
                      listType:String,
                      index:Number,
                      startSeconds:Number}):Void

This function loads the specified list and plays it. The list can be a playlist or a user's uploaded videos feed. The ability to load a list of search results is deprecated and will no longer be supported as of 15 November 2020.

The required list property contains a key that identifies the particular list of videos that YouTube should return.

If the listType property value is playlist, then the list property specifies a playlist ID or an array of video IDs. In the YouTube Data API, the playlist resource's id property specifies a playlist's ID, and the video resource's id property specifies a video ID.
If the listType property value is user_uploads, then the list property identifies the user whose uploaded videos will be returned.
If the listType property value is search, then the list property specifies the search query. Note: This functionality is deprecated and will no longer be supported as of 15 November 2020.

The optional startSeconds property accepts a float/integer and specifies the time from which the first video in the list should start playing.

Playback controls and player settings
Playing a video
player.playVideo():Void
Plays the currently cued/loaded video. The final player state after this function executes will be playing (1).

Note: A playback only counts toward a video's official view count if it is initiated via a native play button in the player.

player.pauseVideo():Void
Pauses the currently playing video. The final player state after this function executes will be paused (2) unless the player is in the ended (0) state when the function is called, in which case the player state will not change.

player.stopVideo():Void
Stops and cancels loading of the current video. This function should be reserved for rare situations when you know that the user will not be watching additional video in the player. If your intent is to pause the video, you should just call the pauseVideo function. If you want to change the video that the player is playing, you can call one of the queueing functions without calling stopVideo first.

Important: Unlike the pauseVideo function, which leaves the player in the paused (2) state, the stopVideo function could put the player into any not-playing state, including ended (0), paused (2), video cued (5) or unstarted (-1).

player.seekTo(seconds:Number, allowSeekAhead:Boolean):Void
Seeks to a specified time in the video. If the player is paused when the function is called, it will remain paused. If the function is called from another state (playing, video cued, etc.), the player will play the video.

The seconds parameter identifies the time to which the player should advance.

The player will advance to the closest keyframe before that time unless the player has already downloaded the portion of the video to which the user is seeking.

The allowSeekAhead parameter determines whether the player will make a new request to the server if the seconds parameter specifies a time outside of the currently buffered video data.

We recommend that you set this parameter to false while the user drags the mouse along a video progress bar and then set it to true when the user releases the mouse. This approach lets a user scroll to different points of a video without requesting new video streams by scrolling past unbuffered points in the video. When the user releases the mouse button, the player advances to the desired point in the video and requests a new video stream if necessary.

Controlling playback of 360° videos

Note: The 360° video playback experience has limited support on mobile devices. On unsupported devices, 360° videos appear distorted and there is no supported way to change the viewing perspective at all, including through the API, using orientation sensors, or responding to touch/drag actions on the device's screen.

player.getSphericalProperties():Object
Retrieves properties that describe the viewer's current perspective, or view, for a video playback. In addition:

This object is only populated for 360° videos, which are also called spherical videos.
If the current video is not a 360° video or if the function is called from a non-supported device, then the function returns an empty object.
On supported mobile devices, if the enableOrientationSensor property is set to true, then this function returns an object in which the fov property contains the correct value and the other properties are set to 0.

The object contains the following properties:

Properties

yaw
A number in the range [0, 360) that represents the horizontal angle of the view in degrees, which reflects the extent to which the user turns the view to face further left or right. The neutral position, facing the center of the video in its equirectangular projection, represents 0°, and this value increases as the viewer turns left.

pitch
A number in the range [-90, 90] that represents the vertical angle of the view in degrees, which reflects the extent to which the user adjusts the view to look up or down. The neutral position, facing the center of the video in its equirectangular projection, represents 0°, and this value increases as the viewer looks up.

roll
A number in the range [-180, 180] that represents the clockwise or counterclockwise rotational angle of the view in degrees. The neutral position, with the horizontal axis in the equirectangular projection being parallel to the horizontal axis of the view, represents 0°. The value increases as the view rotates clockwise and decreases as the view rotates counterclockwise.

Note that the embedded player does not present a user interface for adjusting the roll of the view. The roll can be adjusted in either of these mutually exclusive ways:

Use the orientation sensor in a mobile browser to provide roll for the view. If the orientation sensor is enabled, then the getSphericalProperties function always returns 0 as the value of the roll property.
If the orientation sensor is disabled, set the roll to a nonzero value using this API.

fov
A number in the range [30, 120] that represents the field-of-view of the view in degrees as measured along the longer edge of the viewport. The shorter edge is automatically adjusted to be proportional to the aspect ratio of the view.

The default value is 100 degrees. Decreasing the value is like zooming in on the video content, and increasing the value is like zooming out. This value can be adjusted either by using the API or by using the mousewheel when the video is in fullscreen mode.

player.setSphericalProperties(properties:Object):Void
Sets the video orientation for playback of a 360° video. (If the current video is not spherical, the method is a no-op regardless of the input.)

The player view responds to calls to this method by updating to reflect the values of any known properties in the properties object. The view persists values for any other known properties not included in that object.

In addition:

If the object contains unknown and/or unexpected properties, the player ignores them.
As noted at the beginning of this section, the 360° video playback experience is not supported on all mobile devices.
By default, on supported mobile devices, this function sets only sets the fov property and does not affect the yaw, pitch, and roll properties for 360° video playbacks. See the enableOrientationSensor property below for more detail.

The properties object passed to the function contains the following properties:

Properties

yaw
See definition above.

pitch
See definition above.

roll
See definition above.

fov
See definition above.

enableOrientationSensor
Note: This property affects the 360° viewing experience on supported devices only.A boolean value that indicates whether the IFrame embed should respond to events that signal changes in a supported device's orientation, such as a mobile browser's DeviceOrientationEvent. The default parameter value is true.

Supported mobile devices

When the value is true, an embedded player relies only on the device's movement to adjust the yaw, pitch, and roll properties for 360° video playbacks. However, the fov property can still be changed via the API, and the API is, in fact, the only way to change the fov property on a mobile device. This is the default behavior.
When the value is false, then the device's movement does not affect the 360° viewing experience, and the yaw, pitch, roll, and fov properties must all be set via the API.

Unsupported mobile devices

The enableOrientationSensor property value does not have any effect on the playback experience.

Playing a video in a playlist

player.nextVideo():Void
This function loads and plays the next video in the playlist.

If player.nextVideo() is called while the last video in the playlist is being watched, and the playlist is set to play continuously (loop), then the player will load and play the first video in the list.

If player.nextVideo() is called while the last video in the playlist is being watched, and the playlist is not set to play continuously, then playback will end.

player.previousVideo():Void
This function loads and plays the previous video in the playlist.

If player.previousVideo() is called while the first video in the playlist is being watched, and the playlist is set to play continuously (loop), then the player will load and play the last video in the list.

If player.previousVideo() is called while the first video in the playlist is being watched, and the playlist is not set to play continuously, then the player will restart the first playlist video from the beginning.

player.playVideoAt(index:Number):Void
This function loads and plays the specified video in the playlist.

The required index parameter specifies the index of the video that you want to play in the playlist. The parameter uses a zero-based index, so a value of 0 identifies the first video in the list. If you have shuffled the playlist, this function will play the video at the specified position in the shuffled playlist.

Changing the player volume

player.mute():Void
Mutes the player.

player.unMute():Void
Unmutes the player.

player.isMuted():Boolean
Returns true if the player is muted, false if not.

player.setVolume(volume:Number):Void
Sets the volume. Accepts an integer between 0 and 100.

player.getVolume():Number
Returns the player's current volume, an integer between 0 and 100. Note that getVolume() will return the volume even if the player is muted.
Setting the player size

player.setSize(width:Number, height:Number):Object
Sets the size in pixels of the <iframe> that contains the player.

Setting the playback rate
player.getPlaybackRate():Number
This function retrieves the playback rate of the currently playing video. The default playback rate is 1, which indicates that the video is playing at normal speed. Playback rates may include values like 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2.

player.setPlaybackRate(suggestedRate:Number):Void
This function sets the suggested playback rate for the current video. If the playback rate changes, it will only change for the video that is already cued or being played. If you set the playback rate for a cued video, that rate will still be in effect when the playVideo function is called or the user initiates playback directly through the player controls. In addition, calling functions to cue or load videos or playlists (cueVideoById, loadVideoById, etc.) will reset the playback rate to 1.

Calling this function does not guarantee that the playback rate will actually change. However, if the playback rate does change, the onPlaybackRateChange event will fire, and your code should respond to the event rather than the fact that it called the setPlaybackRate function.

The getAvailablePlaybackRates method will return the possible playback rates for the currently playing video. However, if you set the suggestedRate parameter to a non-supported integer or float value, the player will round that value down to the nearest supported value in the direction of 1.

player.getAvailablePlaybackRates():Array
This function returns the set of playback rates in which the current video is available. The default value is 1, which indicates that the video is playing in normal speed.

The function returns an array of numbers ordered from slowest to fastest playback speed. Even if the player does not support variable playback speeds, the array should always contain at least one value (1).

Setting playback behavior for playlists

player.setLoop(loopPlaylists:Boolean):Void

This function indicates whether the video player should continuously play a playlist or if it should stop playing after the last video in the playlist ends. The default behavior is that playlists do not loop.

This setting will persist even if you load or cue a different playlist, which means that if you load a playlist, call the setLoop function with a value of true, and then load a second playlist, the second playlist will also loop.

The required loopPlaylists parameter identifies the looping behavior.

If the parameter value is true, then the video player will continuously play playlists. After playing the last video in a playlist, the video player will go back to the beginning of the playlist and play it again.

If the parameter value is false, then playbacks will end after the video player plays the last video in a playlist.

player.setShuffle(shufflePlaylist:Boolean):Void

This function indicates whether a playlist's videos should be shuffled so that they play back in an order different from the one that the playlist creator designated. If you shuffle a playlist after it has already started playing, the list will be reordered while the video that is playing continues to play. The next video that plays will then be selected based on the reordered list.

This setting will not persist if you load or cue a different playlist, which means that if you load a playlist, call the setShuffle function, and then load a second playlist, the second playlist will not be shuffled.

The required shufflePlaylist parameter indicates whether YouTube should shuffle the playlist.

If the parameter value is true, then YouTube will shuffle the playlist order. If you instruct the function to shuffle a playlist that has already been shuffled, YouTube will shuffle the order again.

If the parameter value is false, then YouTube will change the playlist order back to its original order.

Playback status
player.getVideoLoadedFraction():Float
Returns a number between 0 and 1 that specifies the percentage of the video that the player shows as buffered. This method returns a more reliable number than the now-deprecated getVideoBytesLoaded and getVideoBytesTotal methods.

player.getPlayerState():Number
Returns the state of the player. Possible values are:

-1 – unstarted
0 – ended
1 – playing
2 – paused
3 – buffering
5 – video cued

player.getCurrentTime():Number
Returns the elapsed time in seconds since the video started playing.

player.getVideoStartBytes():Number
Deprecated as of October 31, 2012. Returns the number of bytes the video file started loading from. (This method now always returns a value of 0.) Example scenario: the user seeks ahead to a point that hasn't loaded yet, and the player makes a new request to play a segment of the video that hasn't loaded yet.

player.getVideoBytesLoaded():Number

Deprecated as of July 18, 2012. Instead, use the getVideoLoadedFraction method to determine the percentage of the video that has buffered.

This method returns a value between 0 and 1000 that approximates the amount of the video that has been loaded. You could calculate the fraction of the video that has been loaded by dividing the getVideoBytesLoaded value by the getVideoBytesTotal value.

player.getVideoBytesTotal():Number

Deprecated as of July 18, 2012. Instead, use the getVideoLoadedFraction method to determine the percentage of the video that has buffered.

Returns the size in bytes of the currently loaded/playing video or an approximation of the video's size.

This method always returns a value of 1000. You could calculate the fraction of the video that has been loaded by dividing the getVideoBytesLoaded value by the getVideoBytesTotal value.

Retrieving video information
player.getDuration():Number
Returns the duration in seconds of the currently playing video. Note that getDuration() will return 0 until the video's metadata is loaded, which normally happens just after the video starts playing.

If the currently playing video is a live event, the getDuration() function will return the elapsed time since the live video stream began. Specifically, this is the amount of time that the video has streamed without being reset or interrupted. In addition, this duration is commonly longer than the actual event time since streaming may begin before the event's start time.

player.getVideoUrl():String
Returns the YouTube.com URL for the currently loaded/playing video.

player.getVideoEmbedCode():String
Returns the embed code for the currently loaded/playing video.

Retrieving playlist information
player.getPlaylist():Array
This function returns an array of the video IDs in the playlist as they are currently ordered. By default, this function will return video IDs in the order designated by the playlist owner. However, if you have called the setShuffle function to shuffle the playlist order, then the getPlaylist() function's return value will reflect the shuffled order.

player.getPlaylistIndex():Number
This function returns the index of the playlist video that is currently playing.

If you have not shuffled the playlist, the return value will identify the position where the playlist creator placed the video. The return value uses a zero-based index, so a value of 0 identifies the first video in the playlist.

If you have shuffled the playlist, the return value will identify the video's order within the shuffled playlist.

Adding or removing an event listener

player.addEventListener(event:String, listener:String):Void
Adds a listener function for the specified event. The Events section below identifies the different events that the player might fire. The listener is a string that specifies the function that will execute when the specified event fires.

player.removeEventListener(event:String, listener:String):Void
Removes a listener function for the specified event. The listener is a string that identifies the function that will no longer execute when the specified event fires.

Accessing and modifying DOM nodes

player.getIframe():Object
This method returns the DOM node for the embedded <iframe>.

player.destroy():Void
Removes the <iframe> containing the player.

Events

The API fires events to notify your application of changes to the embedded player. As noted in the previous section, you can subscribe to events by adding an event listener when constructing the YT.Player object, and you can also use the addEventListener function.

The API will pass an event object as the sole argument to each of those functions. The event object has the following properties:

The event's target identifies the video player that corresponds to the event.
The event's data specifies a value relevant to the event. Note that the onReady and onAutoplayBlocked events do not specify a data property.

The following list defines the events that the API fires:

onReady
This event fires whenever a player has finished loading and is ready to begin receiving API calls. Your application should implement this function if you want to automatically execute certain operations, such as playing the video or displaying information about the video, as soon as the player is ready.

The example below shows a sample function for handling this event. The event object that the API passes to the function has a target property, which identifies the player. The function retrieves the embed code for the currently loaded video, starts to play the video, and displays the embed code in the page element that has an id value of embed-code.


 function onPlayerReady(event) {
   var embedCode = event.target.getVideoEmbedCode();
   event.target.playVideo();
   if (document.getElementById('embed-code')) {
     document.getElementById('embed-code').innerHTML = embedCode;
   }
 }

onStateChange
This event fires whenever the player's state changes.

The data property of the event object that the API passes to your event listener function will specify an integer that corresponds to the new player state.

Possible values are:

-1 (unstarted)
0 (ended)
1 (playing)
2 (paused)
3 (buffering)
5 (video cued).

When the player first loads a video, it will broadcast an unstarted (-1) event. When a video is cued and ready to play, the player will broadcast a video cued (5) event. In your code, you can specify the integer values or you can use one of the following namespaced variables:

YT.PlayerState.ENDED
YT.PlayerState.PLAYING
YT.PlayerState.PAUSED
YT.PlayerState.BUFFERING
YT.PlayerState.CUED

onPlaybackQualityChange
This event fires whenever the video playback quality changes. It might signal a change in the viewer's playback
environment. See the YouTube Help Center for more
information about factors that affect playback conditions or that might cause the event to fire.

The data property value of the event object that the API passes to the event listener function will be a string that identifies the new playback quality.

Possible values are:

small
medium
large
hd720
hd1080
highres

onPlaybackRateChange
This event fires whenever the video playback rate changes. For example, if you call the setPlaybackRate(suggestedRate) function, this event will fire if the playback rate actually changes. Your application should respond to the event and should not assume that the playback rate will automatically change when the setPlaybackRate(suggestedRate) function is called. Similarly, your code should not assume that the video playback rate will only change as a result of an explicit call to setPlaybackRate.

The data property value of the event object that the API passes to the event listener function will be a number that identifies the new playback rate.

The getAvailablePlaybackRates method returns a list of the valid playback rates for the currently cued or playing video.

onError
This event fires if an error occurs in the player.

The API will pass an event object to the event listener function. That object's data property will specify an integer that identifies the type of error that occurred.

Possible values are:

2 – The request contains an invalid parameter value. For example, this error occurs if you specify a video ID that does not have 11 characters, or if the video ID contains invalid characters, such as exclamation points or asterisks. 5 – The requested content cannot be played in an HTML5 player or another error related to the HTML5 player has occurred. 100 – The video requested was not found. This error occurs when a video has been removed (for any reason) or has been marked as private.
101 – The owner of the requested video does not allow it to be played in embedded players.
150 – This error is the same as 101. It's just a 101 error in disguise!

onApiChange
This event is fired to indicate that the player has loaded (or unloaded) a module with exposed API methods. Your application can listen for this event and then poll the player to determine which options are exposed for the recently loaded module. Your application can then retrieve or update the existing settings for those options.

The following command retrieves an array of module names for which you can set player options:

player.getOptions();

Currently, the only module that you can set options for is the captions module, which handles closed captioning in the player. Upon receiving an onApiChange event, your application can use the following command to determine which options can be set for the captions module:

player.getOptions('captions');

By polling the player with this command, you can confirm that the options you want to access are, indeed, accessible. The following commands retrieve and update module options:

Retrieving an option:
 player.getOption(module, option);Setting an option
 player.setOption(module, option, value);

The table below lists the options that the API supports:

Module
Option
Description

captions
fontSize
This option adjusts the font size of the captions displayed in the player.

Valid values are -1, 0, 1, 2, and 3. The default size is 0, and the smallest size is -1. Setting this option to an integer below -1 will cause the smallest caption size to display, while setting this option to an integer above 3 will cause the largest caption size to display.

captions
reload
This option reloads the closed caption data for the video that is playing. The value will be null if you retrieve the option's value. Set the value to true to reload the closed caption data.

onAutoplayBlocked
This event fires any time the browser blocks autoplay or scripted video playback features,
collectively referred to as "autoplay". This includes playback attempted with any of the
following player APIs:

autoplay parameter
loadPlaylist function
loadVideoById function
loadVideoByUrl function
playVideo function

Most browsers have policies that can block autoplay in desktop, mobile, and other
environments if certain conditions are true. Instances where this policy may be triggered
include unmuted playback without user
interaction, or when a Permissions Policy
to permit autoplay on a cross-origin iframe has not been set.

For complete details, refer to browser-specific policies
(Apple Safari / Webkit,
Google Chrome,
Mozilla Firefox)
and Mozilla's autoplay guide.

Examples
Creating YT.Player objects

Example 1: Use API with existing <iframe>

In this example, an <iframe> element on the page already defines the player with which the API will be used. Note that either the player's src URL must set the enablejsapi parameter to 1 or the <iframe> element's enablejsapi attribute must be set to true.

The onPlayerReady function changes the color of the border around the player to orange when the player is ready. The onPlayerStateChange function then changes the color of the border around the player based on the current player status. For example, the color is green when the player is playing, red when paused, blue when buffering, and so forth.

This example uses the following code:


 <iframe id="existing-iframe-example"
         width="640" height="360"
         src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/M7lc1UVf-VE?enablejsapi=1"
         frameborder="0"
         style="border: solid 4px #37474F"
 ></iframe><script type="text/javascript">
   var tag = document.createElement('script');
   tag.id = 'iframe-demo';
   tag.src = 'https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api';
   var firstScriptTag = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
   firstScriptTag.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, firstScriptTag);  var player;
   function onYouTubeIframeAPIReady() {
     player = new YT.Player('existing-iframe-example', {
         events: {
           'onReady': onPlayerReady,
           'onStateChange': onPlayerStateChange
         }
     });
   }
   function onPlayerReady(event) {
     document.getElementById('existing-iframe-example').style.borderColor = '#FF6D00';
   }
   function changeBorderColor(playerStatus) {
     var color;
     if (playerStatus == -1) {
       color = "#37474F"; // unstarted = gray
     } else if (playerStatus == 0) {
       color = "#FFFF00"; // ended = yellow
     } else if (playerStatus == 1) {
       color = "#33691E"; // playing = green
     } else if (playerStatus == 2) {
       color = "#DD2C00"; // paused = red
     } else if (playerStatus == 3) {
       color = "#AA00FF"; // buffering = purple
     } else if (playerStatus == 5) {
       color = "#FF6DOO"; // video cued = orange
     }
     if (color) {
       document.getElementById('existing-iframe-example').style.borderColor = color;
     }
   }
   function onPlayerStateChange(event) {
     changeBorderColor(event.data);
   }
 </script>

Example 2: Loud playback

This example creates a 1280px by 720px video player. The event listener for the onReady event then calls the setVolume function to adjust the volume to the highest setting.


 function onYouTubeIframeAPIReady() {
   var player;
   player = new YT.Player('player', {
     width: 1280,
     height: 720,
     videoId: 'M7lc1UVf-VE',
     events: {
       'onReady': onPlayerReady,
       'onStateChange': onPlayerStateChange,
       'onError': onPlayerError
     }
   });
 }function onPlayerReady(event) {
   event.target.setVolume(100);
   event.target.playVideo();
 }

Example 3: This example sets player parameters to automatically play the video when it loads and to hide the video player's controls. It also adds event listeners for several events that the API broadcasts.


 function onYouTubeIframeAPIReady() {
   var player;
   player = new YT.Player('player', {
     videoId: 'M7lc1UVf-VE',
     playerVars: { 'autoplay': 1, 'controls': 0 },
     events: {
       'onReady': onPlayerReady,
       'onStateChange': onPlayerStateChange,
       'onError': onPlayerError
     }
   });
 }

Controlling 360° videos

This example uses the following code:


 <style>
   .current-values {
     color: #666;
     font-size: 12px;
   }
 </style>
 <!-- The player is inserted in the following div element -->
 <div id="spherical-video-player"></div><!-- Display spherical property values and enable user to update them. -->
 <table style="border: 0; width: 640px;">
   <tr style="background: #fff;">
     <td>
       <label for="yaw-property">yaw: </label>
       <input type="text" id="yaw-property" style="width: 80px"><br>
       <div id="yaw-current-value" class="current-values"> </div>
     </td>
     <td>
       <label for="pitch-property">pitch: </label>
       <input type="text" id="pitch-property" style="width: 80px"><br>
       <div id="pitch-current-value" class="current-values"> </div>
     </td>
     <td>
       <label for="roll-property">roll: </label>
       <input type="text" id="roll-property" style="width: 80px"><br>
       <div id="roll-current-value" class="current-values"> </div>
     </td>
     <td>
       <label for="fov-property">fov: </label>
       <input type="text" id="fov-property" style="width: 80px"><br>
       <div id="fov-current-value" class="current-values"> </div>
     </td>
     <td style="vertical-align: bottom;">
       <button id="spherical-properties-button">Update properties</button>
     </td>
   </tr>
 </table><script type="text/javascript">
   var tag = document.createElement('script');
   tag.id = 'iframe-demo';
   tag.src = 'https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api';
   var firstScriptTag = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
   firstScriptTag.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, firstScriptTag);  var PROPERTIES = ['yaw', 'pitch', 'roll', 'fov'];
   var updateButton = document.getElementById('spherical-properties-button');  // Create the YouTube Player.
   var ytplayer;
   function onYouTubeIframeAPIReady() {
     ytplayer = new YT.Player('spherical-video-player', {
         height: '360',
         width: '640',
         videoId: 'FAtdv94yzp4',
     });
   }  // Don't display current spherical settings because there aren't any.
   function hideCurrentSettings() {
     for (var p = 0; p < PROPERTIES.length; p++) {
       document.getElementById(PROPERTIES[p] + '-current-value').innerHTML = '';
     }
   }  // Retrieve current spherical property values from the API and display them.
   function updateSetting() {
     if (!ytplayer || !ytplayer.getSphericalProperties) {
       hideCurrentSettings();
     } else {
       let newSettings = ytplayer.getSphericalProperties();
       if (Object.keys(newSettings).length === 0) {
         hideCurrentSettings();
       } else {
         for (var p = 0; p < PROPERTIES.length; p++) {
           if (newSettings.hasOwnProperty(PROPERTIES[p])) {
             currentValueNode = document.getElementById(PROPERTIES[p] +
                                                        '-current-value');
             currentValueNode.innerHTML = ('current: ' +
                 newSettings[PROPERTIES[p]].toFixed(4));
           }
         }
       }
     }
     requestAnimationFrame(updateSetting);
   }
   updateSetting();  // Call the API to update spherical property values.
   updateButton.onclick = function() {
     var sphericalProperties = {};
     for (var p = 0; p < PROPERTIES.length; p++) {
       var propertyInput = document.getElementById(PROPERTIES[p] + '-property');
       sphericalProperties[PROPERTIES[p]] = parseFloat(propertyInput.value);
     }
     ytplayer.setSphericalProperties(sphericalProperties);
   }
 </script>

Android WebView Media Integrity API integration

YouTube has extended the
Android WebView Media Integrity API
to enable embedded media players, including YouTube player embeds in Android applications, to
verify the embedding app's authenticity. With this change, embedding apps automatically send an
attested app ID to YouTube. The data collected through usage of this API is the app metadata (the
package name, version number, and signing certificate) and a device attestation token generated by
Google Play services.

The data is used to verify the application and device integrity. It is encrypted, not shared with
third parties, and deleted following a fixed retention period. App developers can
configure their app identity
in the WebView Media Integrity API. The configuration supports an opt-out option.

Revision history

June 24, 2024

The documentation has been updated to note that YouTube has extended the
Android WebView Media Integrity API
to enable embedded media players, including YouTube player embeds in Android applications, to
verify the embedding app's authenticity. With this change, embedding apps automatically send an
attested app ID to YouTube.

November 20, 2023

The new onAutoplayBlocked event API is now available.
This event notifies your application if the browser blocks autoplay or scripted playback.
Verification of autoplay success or failure is an
established paradigm
for HTMLMediaElements, and the onAutoplayBlocked event now provides similar
functionality for the IFrame Player API.

April 27, 2021

The Getting Started and Loading a Video Player sections have been updated to include examples of using a playerVars object to customize the player.

October 13, 2020

Note: This is a deprecation announcement for the embedded player
functionality that lets you configure the player to load search results. This announcement affects
the IFrame Player API's queueing functions for lists,
cuePlaylist and
loadPlaylist.

This change will become effective on or after 15 November 2020. After that time, calls to the
cuePlaylist or loadPlaylist functions that set the listType
property to search will generate a 4xx response code, such as
404 (Not Found) or 410 (Gone). This change
also affects the list property for those functions as that property no longer
supports the ability to specify a search query.

As an alternative, you can use the YouTube Data API's
search.list method to retrieve search
results and then load selected videos in the player.

October 24, 2019

The documentation has been updated to reflect the fact that the API no longer supports functions for setting or retrieving playback quality.
As explained in this YouTube Help Center article, to give you the best viewing
experience, YouTube adjusts the quality of your video stream based on your viewing conditions.

The changes explained below have been in effect for more than one year. This update merely aligns
the documentation with current functionality:

The getPlaybackQuality, setPlaybackQuality, and getAvailableQualityLevels functions
are no longer supported. In particular, calls to setPlaybackQuality will be no-op functions, meaning they will
not actually have any impact on the viewer's playback experience.
The queueing functions for videos and playlists -- cueVideoById,
loadVideoById, etc. -- no longer support the suggestedQuality argument.
Similarly, if you call those functions using object syntax, the suggestedQuality field is no longer supported.
If suggestedQuality is specified, it will be ignored when the request is handled. It will not generate any
warnings or errors.
The onPlaybackQualityChange event is still supported and might signal a
change in the viewer's playback environment. See the Help Center article
referenced above for more information about factors that affect playback conditions or that might cause the event to fire.

May 16, 2018

The API now supports features that allow users (or embedders) to control the viewing perspective for 360° videos:

The getSphericalProperties function retrieves the current orientation for the video playback. The orientation includes the following data:

yaw - represents the horizontal angle of the view in degrees, which reflects the extent to which the user turns the view to face further left or right
pitch - represents the vertical angle of the view in degrees, which reflects the extent to which the user adjusts the view to look up or down
roll - represents the rotational angle (clockwise or counterclockwise) of the view in degrees.
fov - represents the field-of-view of the view in degrees, which reflects the extent to which the user zooms in or out on the video.

The setSphericalProperties function modifies the view to match the submitted property values. In addition to the orientation values described above, this function supports a Boolean field that indicates whether the IFrame embed should respond to DeviceOrientationEvents on supported mobile devices.

This example demonstrates and lets you test these new features.

June 19, 2017

This update contains the following changes:

Documentation for the YouTube Flash Player API and YouTube JavaScript Player API has been removed and redirected to this document. The deprecation announcement for the Flash and JavaScript players was made on January 27, 2015. If you haven't done so already, please migrate your applications to use IFrame embeds and the IFrame Player API.

August 11, 2016

This update contains the following changes:

The newly published YouTube API Services Terms of Service ("the Updated Terms"), discussed in detail on the YouTube Engineering and Developers Blog, provides a rich set of updates to the current Terms of Service. In addition to the Updated Terms, which will go into effect as of February 10, 2017, this update includes several supporting documents to help explain the policies that developers must follow.

The full set of new documents is described in the revision history for the Updated Terms. In addition, future changes to the Updated Terms or to those supporting documents will also be explained in that revision history. You can subscribe to an RSS feed listing changes in that revision history from a link in that document.

June 29, 2016

This update contains the following changes:

The documentation has been corrected to note that the onApiChange method provides access to the captions module and not the cc module.

June 24, 2016

The Examples section has been updated to include an example that demonstrates how to use the API with an existing <iframe> element.

January 6, 2016

The clearVideo function has been deprecated and removed from the documentation. The function no longer has any effect in the YouTube player.

December 18, 2015

European Union (EU) laws require that certain disclosures must be given to and consents obtained from end users in the EU. Therefore, for end users in the European Union, you must comply with the EU User Consent Policy. We have added a notice of this requirement in our YouTube API Terms of Service.

April 28, 2014

This update contains the following changes:

The new removeEventListener function lets you remove a listener for a specified event.

March 25, 2014

This update contains the following changes:

The Requirements section has been updated to note that embedded players must have a viewport that is at least 200px by 200px. If a player displays controls, it must be large enough to fully display the controls without shrinking the viewport below the minimum size. We recommend 16:9 players be at least 480 pixels wide and 270 pixels tall.

July 23, 2013

This update contains the following changes:

The Overview now includes a video of a 2011 Google I/O presentation that discusses the iframe player.

October 31, 2012

This update contains the following changes:

The Queueing functions section has been updated to explain that you can use either argument syntax or object syntax to call all of those functions. Note that the API may support additional functionality in object syntax that the argument syntax does not support.

In addition, the descriptions and examples for each of the video queueing functions have been updated to reflect the newly added support for object syntax. (The API's playlist queueing functions already supported object syntax.)

When called using object syntax, each of the video queueing functions supports an endSeconds property, which accepts a float/integer and specifies the time when the video should stop playing when playVideo() is called.

The getVideoStartBytes method has been deprecated. The method now always returns a value of 0.

August 22, 2012

This update contains the following changes:

The example in the Loading a video player section that demonstrates how to manually create the <iframe> tag has been updated to include a closing </iframe> tag since the onYouTubeIframeAPIReady function is only called if the closing </iframe> element is present.

August 6, 2012

This update contains the following changes:

The Operations section has been expanded to list all of the supported API functions rather than linking to the JavaScript Player API Reference for that list.

The API supports several new functions and one new event that can be used to control the video playback speed:

Functions

getAvailablePlaybackRates – Retrieve the supported playback rates for the cued or playing video. Note that variable playback rates are currently only supported in the HTML5 player.
getPlaybackRate – Retrieve the playback rate for the cued or playing video.
setPlaybackRate – Set the playback rate for the cued or playing video.

Events

onPlaybackRateChange – This event fires when the video's playback rate changes.

July 19, 2012

This update contains the following changes:

The new getVideoLoadedFraction method replaces the now-deprecated getVideoBytesLoaded and getVideoBytesTotal methods. The new method returns the percentage of the video that the player shows as buffered.

The onError event may now return an error code of 5, which indicates that the requested content cannot be played in an HTML5 player or another error related to the HTML5 player has occurred.

The Requirements section has been updated to indicate that any web page using the IFrame API must also implement the onYouTubeIframeAPIReady function. Previously, the section indicated that the required function was named onYouTubePlayerAPIReady. Code samples throughout the document have also been updated to use the new name.

Note: To ensure that this change does not break existing implementations, both names will work. If, for some reason, your page has an onYouTubeIframeAPIReady function and an onYouTubePlayerAPIReady function, both functions will be called, and the onYouTubeIframeAPIReady function will be called first.

The code sample in the Getting started section has been updated to reflect that the URL for the IFrame Player API code has changed to http://www.youtube.com/iframe_api. To ensure that this change does not affect existing implementations, the old URL (http://www.youtube.com/player_api) will continue to work.

July 16, 2012

This update contains the following changes:

The Operations section now explains that the API supports the setSize() and destroy() methods. The setSize() method sets the size in pixels of the <iframe> that contains the player and the destroy() method removes the <iframe>.

June 6, 2012

This update contains the following changes:

We have removed the experimental status from the IFrame Player API.

The Loading a video player section has been updated to point out that when inserting the <iframe> element that will contain the YouTube player, the IFrame API replaces the element specified in the constructor for the YouTube player. This documentation change does not reflect a change in the API and is intended solely to clarify existing behavior.

In addition, that section now notes that the insertion of the <iframe> element could affect the layout of your page if the element being replaced has a different display style than the inserted <iframe> element. By default, an <iframe> displays as an inline-block element.

March 30, 2012

This update contains the following changes:

The Operations section has been updated to explain that the IFrame API supports a new method, getIframe(), which returns the DOM node for the IFrame embed.

March 26, 2012

This update contains the following changes:

The Requirements section has been updated to note the minimum player size.

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#1. Reference examples - APA Style

Provides examples of references for periodicals; books and reference works; edited book chapters and entries in reference works; reports and gray literature ...

#2. books and reports - Citing sources in APA style 6th ed.

A reference of an article in a loose-leaf work you can best deduce from the examples of chapters in an edited book. Reports. Format references ...

#3. Common Reference List Examples - Academic Guides

These instructional pages offer examples of reference list entries for different types of sources as well as guidance on the variations for citing online ...

#4. Reference list - APA 6th Referencing Style Guide

APA 6th Referencing Style Guide. This guide introduces the APA referencing style with examples of citation styles for different types of ...

#5. Sample Reference List - APA - Referencing Guide - Help ...

Sample Reference List ... Formatting Your Reference List ... identify the author; for example, where different authors have the same surname and initials.

#6. Citation examples (Harvard style) - Citing references

Examples. Printed article: Reference list: Graham, K. (2020) 'The biggest tree and the smallest axe', The Guardian, ...

#7. Harvard Referencing Style Examples | EasyBib

Reference structure and example: Author Surname, Initials. (Publication Year) Title. Place of Publication: Publisher. Ozeki, R. (2013) ...

#8. A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples

Harvard in-text citation; Creating a Harvard reference list; Harvard referencing examples; Referencing sources with no author or date ...

#9. Citing and referencing: Sample reference list - Subject guides

Sample reference list. References. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Childhood education and care (No. 4402.0). Retrieved from http:// ...

#10. APA 7th Edition: Reference Citation Examples - Library Guides

Reference Citation Examples · An Article from a Scholarly Journal Retrieved from a Library Database. Last, F. M. (xxxx). · An Article from a ...

#11. Citing Sources: Sample Reference List Citations - Research ...

When formatting a citation in APA style, pay particular attention to ... Many more samples of citations presented in the APA style can be ...

#12. Purdue Online Writing Lab

This page gives basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end ... For example, the reference entry for a source written by Jane Marie Smith ...

#13. How to Cite Sources in APA Citation Format | Mendeley

2. APA Referencing Basics: In-Text Citation · Direct Quote: The citation must follow the quote directly and contain a page number after the date, for example ( ...

#14. Reference Letter Examples - The Balance Careers

2020年8月6日 — Examples of reference letters including academic recommendations, business, employment, personal, and professional reference letters, ...

#15. In-text Citation - APA Quick Citation Guide - Library Guides

APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: (Field, 2005).

#16. References Examples - APA Citation Style Guide

Examples. Book with One Author. Sedaris, D. (2008). When you are engulfed in flames ...

#17. Harvard Referencing: Reference formats & examples - Library ...

Harvard Referencing: Reference formats & examples ... This guide divides references into different formats for ease of use.

#18. Citing Information: Sample References Page - Subject ...

APA: Sample References Page · Spacing. APA style dictates that the references page should be double-spaced, and that entries should be formatted with a hanging ...

#19. Reference Samples - 參考樣品 - 國家教育研究院雙語詞彙

參考樣品 · Reference Samples · 名詞解釋: 選擇基質與樣品類似之標準品是為參考樣品，其可應用於儀器校正、工作標準液確認之標準品，其濃度讀值較其他類標準品精確，係通過 ...

#20. APA Reference Page Examples and Format Guide

Every in-text citation, beyond those specified by APA, has a corresponding reference list on the References page. Formatting the APA Reference Page. The ...

#21. Character Reference Letter Sample and Tips | Indeed.com

What makes a powerful character reference letter, and who should you choose as a personal reference? Check out this sample letter and ...

#22. Samples of Formatted References for Authors of Journal Articles

Samples of Formatted References for Authors of Journal Articles. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) offers guidance to authors ...

#23. How to Cite References: IEEE Documentation Style

All punctuation, dates, and page numbers depend on the type of reference cited, so follow the examples with care. Please note this style guide is wide ranging, ...

#24. APA References List Examples - FLCC Library

APA Reference List Examples ... In-text reference: (Environmental Resource Handbook, 2001). Page 2. Articles in Reference Books (unsigned and signed):.

#25. APA Citation Examples: How to cite anything in APA format

These APA citation examples, templates, and explanations will help you cite in APA. This APA citation guide covers books, journals, websites, and more!

#26. Reference Examples - APA Style (7th ed.)

A Microsoft Word document formatted correctly for an annotated bibliography. Example Student Paper. APA Example Paper. An annotated sample ...

#27. Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations - The Chicago ...

The following examples illustrate the notes and bibliography system. Sample notes show full ... Comments are cited in reference to the original post.

#28. Setting up the APA Reference Page | Formatting & References

APA Reference Page Formatting and Example. By Saul McLeod, published 2019, updated 2020. The APA reference page (also called ...

#29. In-text citations: guide and examples - Referencing at Newman

Your tutors will be expecting to see in-text citations and full references in your assignments. Don't forget, every in-text citation must ...

#30. APA Style Reference Citations - The University of Toledo

EXAMPLES OF REFERENCE CITATIONS IN TEXT--APA STYLE. 1. If author's name occurs in the text, follow it with year of publication in parentheses. Example:.

#31. apa style sample reference page 1

Following is a sample reference page constructed according to the sixth edition of the. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.

#32. Leeds Harvard referencing examples | Study and research ...

How to reference and how to cite using the Leeds referencing styles. Templates and examples are given for a wide range of different information sources.

#33. examples for reference - Linguee | 中英词典（更多其他语言）

大量翻译例句关于"examples for reference" – 英中词典以及8百万条中文译文例句搜索。

#34. Vancouver Style - Imperial College London

Example of a reference list ... This guide introduces you to the Vancouver referencing style, which uses a 'numerical- endnote' approach.

#35. Dockerfile reference | Docker Documentation

This example shows a build command that uses the current directory ( . ) as build context: $ docker build . Sending build context to Docker daemon 6.51 MB .

#36. Step 2: Creating Your Reference List - AMA Style: The Basics ...

Page 832 of the AMA Manual of Style, 11th edition (2019) gives a great sample reference list; If the type of information you need to include ...

#37. Citing tables, figures & images: APA (7th ed.) citation guide

place on a separate page after the reference list (an appendix). When embedding all figures and tables are aligned with the left margin. All examples in this ...

#38. Reference examples - JCI Insight

Reference citations. References are cited sequentially in the text; Citations appear as numerals in parentheses preceded by a space; for example,.

#39. examples-of-referencing-in-the-harvard-style.pdf - Monaghan ...

Examples of Referencing in the Harvard Style: Source. In-text Citation. Reference. Citing page numbers. Include page numbers in the citation when you refer ...

#40. Q. What's the difference between an in-text citation and a ...

Here are two examples of an in-text citation in APA style. APA includes a page number within the in-text citation when quoting.

#41. Reference Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster

Examples of reference in a Sentence. Noun references to an earlier event The numbers were calculated by reference to the most recent census.

#42. APA Citation Style Examples - Wayne State College

Psychological Associafion (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. COPIES ARE AVAILABLE ON 1-DAY RESERVE AT THE CIRCULATION DESK. APA Citation Style Examples.

#43. Reference List - APA (7th Edition) Referencing Guide - JCU ...

Check with your lecturer · Everything must match! · Setting out the reference list · Example reference list · APA 7th reference lists.

#44. AZ of reference examples - Quote, Unquote Online - The ...

A-Z of reference examples · Author(s), editor(s) or the organisation who wrote the book (use 'ed. · Year of publication in (brackets) · Title and subtitle in ...

#45. Example text - Vancouver reference style (based on Citing ...

Example piece of text and reference list. An unhealthy diet, obesity and physical inactivity play a role in the onset of Type 2 diabetes,(1) but ...

#46. How to List References on a Resume [w/ Examples]

Want to learn how to list references on a resume? Check out our step-by-step guide. Resume reference examples & samples included!

#47. Citing Your Sources: ACS - Research Guides - Williams College

... sources and examples for formatting citations in common citation styles. ... How to Format Reference Lists; Examples: Books, Chapters ...

#48. APA Format for End References | Columbia College

This example uses the parenthetical in-text citation format. In several double-blind experiments, "'the placebo effect' . . . disappeared when behaviors were ...

#49. Sample Reference Letter Template (Free Example Word)

Here's our reference letter template: ... Dear [insert name],. I am writing to recommend [employee_name]. [He/She/They] worked with us at [company_name] as a [ ...

#50. ref keyword - C# Reference | Microsoft Docs

For example, suppose the caller passes a local variable expression or an array element access expression. The called method can then replace the ...

#51. write - QUT cite tool

QUT cite gives an overview of academic referencing and citing, as well as style specific examples for many types of sources.

#52. IEEE Referencing Style Sheet

Here are some examples of IEEE style citation: “... as shown by Brown [4], as previously stated.” "The theory was first put forward in 1987 [1]." “For example, ...

#53. Reference Citations :: Health Sciences, Education and ...

Reference Templates and Examples. Click on a source type below to see the APA reference citation format and an example: Print Book ...

#54. Reference examples | The Medical Journal of Australia

Reference examples. Note that Wikipedia is generally not acceptable as a reference source. ... Internet references. (Do not just give URLs.

#55. Example References - A Guide to APA Style 7th Edition

Common Reference Examples · Books · Journal Articles · Websites · Newspapers · Financial Documents/Form 990 · Data · Test and Measures · Codes of Conduct ...

#56. APA 7th Ed. - Citation - LibGuides

About APA 7th ed. In-text Citations; References; Formatting Your APA Paper ... What does an example APA paper look like?

#57. What employers can say in a reference: Providing a job ... - Acas

The employer giving the reference can decide how much they include. References can be short or long – for example, a 'basic reference' or a 'detailed reference' ...

#58. Example of Academic Reference | University of Strathclyde

Reference for Jessica Muir. I have known Jessica from 2017-2021 in my capacity as senior lecturer in the School of Government and Public Policy at the ...

#59. Using APA style for references and citations - YouTube

#60. APA Citation Style Guide (6th Edition): Reference Examples

Listed on this page are examples of Reference list citations. They represent the standard citation format for different types of sources. Can't ...

#61. APA: Formatting Your References List | UAGC Writing Center

You will see the most common kinds of sources in the sample references list below. What are the key rules of creating an APA References list?

#62. Character reference template | reed.co.uk

Character reference template ... Sometimes finding a new role really is a question of character… Character references are great ways for employers to check ...

#63. Citing Business Sources in APA Style - Research Guides

The previous pages of this APA Style Citation Guide provide general instructions and specific examples of how to craft in-text references and reference list ...

#64. Writing a Reference Letter (With Examples)

Reference letters are used in a wide variety of situations; there is no definitive list that covers all possible scenarios. The most common examples are: When a ...

#65. Sample Bibliography: APA - Citation Styles: A Brief Guide to ...

Sample Bibliography: APA. The basic format for a book citation requires listing the author's name, the title of the book, the publisher's ...

#66. Websites Reference Examples - APA Style: Basics - Research ...

This guide is intended to help you cite sources in APA style, avoid plagiarism, learn what APA style is and includes, find examples of APA ...

#67. Examples of Turabian Style - Reference List - Basics - Citation ...

The examples provided are the most commonly cited types of sources such as books, articles in journals, magazines & newspapers, ...

#68. How Your Job Reference Page Should Look - iHire

How should a job references page look? Learn how to create a list of job references or download a job references template designed by the ...

#69. How to write a reference list - The Pharmaceutical Journal

Example of how references should be written: Petrie KJ, Mueller JT, ...

#70. Scientific Style (CSE) Citation Examples: Authors - Research ...

Scientific Style (CSE) Citation Examples: Authors. Find how to cite articles, books (+ chapters, textbooks, lab manuals) ...

#71. Harvard: reference list and bibliography - University of ...

How to create a reference list using Harvard. ... A bibliography is a detailed list of references cited in your work, ... Example of a reference list.

#72. Broad Reference (Pronouns) - ThoughtCo

Broad Reference (Pronouns) · Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms · Definition · Examples and Observations.

#73. APA Format & APA Citation Generator - Citation Machine

This page provides you with an overview of APA format, 7th edition. Included is information about referencing, various citation formats with examples for each ...

#74. How to Reference Authors in APA Format - Verywell Mind

For example, the way that you reference a single author will differ somewhat from how you reference a source with multiple authors.

#75. Referencing guide at the University of Manchester: Vancouver

Vancouver Citations within the text. This guide provides you with examples of how to correctly cite references in the Vancouver style within the ...

#76. I can't find the example reference I need in the Publication ...

by Chelsea Lee When you cannot find the example reference you need in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, ...

#77. Reference Meaning | Best 45 Definitions of Reference

An example of reference is a professor who will write a letter recommending a student for an internship. noun. 1. 0.

#78. Websites - Harvard Referencing Guide

Author Surname, Initial(s) Year (page created or revised), Title of page, Publisher (if applicable), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>. Example. In- ...

#79. References - ASME - The American Society of Mechanical ...

Find journal submission guidelines including references, samples and citing title abbreviations.

#80. Examples Citations References | Socio-Economic Review

Examples of citations and references. Citations or in-text references should be cited by giving the 'author's name/s, year of publication' in parenthesis: ...

#81. Method References in Java with examples - GeeksforGeeks

To make the code clear and compact, In the above example, one can turn lambda expression into a method reference: list.

#82. Citation Quick Guide - Scientific Style and Format Online

Click on the tabs below for more information and to see some common examples of materials cited in each style, including examples of electronic sources. For ...

#83. YouTube Player API Reference for iframe Embeds - Google ...

The sample HTML page below creates an embedded player that will load a video, play it for six seconds, and then stop the playback.

#84. Cloud Storage client libraries

More Examples. Additional resources. This page shows how to get started with the Cloud Client Libraries for the Google Cloud Storage API.

#85. Hooks API Reference - React

The function will receive the previous value, and return an updated value. Here's an example of a counter component that uses both forms of setState :.

#86. HTML Styles CSS - W3Schools

The following example sets the text color of the <h1> element to blue, ... For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

#87. Using the APA reference style - Kunnskapsbasen - NTNU

The examples show how to write in-text citations and reference lists based on what kind of source you are citing. Reference list in APA style. When writing a ...

#88. APA Common Examples - The Library - University of Waikato

Sign up for an APA workshop. How to cite/reference material. This page provides examples of how to cite materials both in your list of references and in text.

#89. Easy Cite referencing tool - RMIT University Library

For example: Lewis and Lewis (2015) ... . When a work has two or three authors, always list all author(s) names every time the reference occurs in the text.

#90. How to List References on a Resume [Reference Page Format]

Make sure to inform all of your references prior to submitting a job application with their contact details included! See this pratical example: ...

#91. Ch 7 examples of references - SlideShare

Examples of References Submitted to: Dr. Nasreen Akhter Submitted by: Sobia Parveen (03) Sana Akram (13) M.Phil (Edu) Semester: 2nd.

#92. Where can I find formatted examples of different Citation styles?

... see the links below to view citation formatting and examples for the ... In addition, consult your institution's reference librarian (if ...

#93. Character reference template | Totaljobs

If you've been asked to give someone a personal reference then you need to make sure you don't ... Copy the template then paste to an email or Word document ...

#94. Citation & Writing: NLM Style - LibGuides at Logan University ...

View this eBook by NLM with guidelines and examples for citing all material types. In-Text Citation. NLM Style offers a bit of flexibility on ...

#95. Character Reference Tips and Advice - Guardian Jobs

Not sure how to write a character reference? Our guide covers the details to include and features a character reference template you can ...

#96. Pass by reference (C++ only) - IBM

The following example shows how arguments are passed by reference. The reference parameters are initialized with the actual arguments when the function is ...

#97. Harvard System - ARU Library - Anglia Ruskin University

In the first part we show you how to cite a reference in the text of your ... Examples are given in red. ... MAIN GUIDE PART 1: IN-TEXT REFERENCING ...

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