[選櫻桃的人](六之六)
國安法專家證人對壘,進入了最後一天。過去一星期,控辯雙方對「光復香港。時代革命」這口號的爭辯,尤如走在平行時空。
雙方對此八字的歷史典故、在近代香港公眾領域中如何冒起,口號因為為甚麼事件而爆紅,到解讀八字含意是否與「分裂國家」有關,開展激烈爭辯。
控方的歷史學者劉智鵬,追溯了中國古籍,並引述2016梁天琦競選活動節錄,並以2019年7.21中聯辦外示威者的「反中國政府」行為,加上警方點算示威錄影片段口號與顛覆行為同時出現作為論據,指「光時」數千年意義不變,必然與把香港從中國國土分裂出來有關。
辯方的兩位李姓社會科學學者,則使用多種社科分析工具,以大數據及訪問等量化及質化研究,說明「光時」意義開放多樣,與「港獨」關係不強。
這天早上,李立峯(Francis)進入最後階段作供。今天法庭內對答互相穿插,你來我往,因為程序原因,辯方補問後,控方又可覆問;三位法官亦有提問,其後,控辯雙方亦可進行一輪補問。舌劍唇槍,火花四濺,對量化研究的統計學方法論,展開最後一輪爭辯。
法律人crossover社科人,法庭內社科論述夾雜法律用語,互相澄清,有時理解,有時誤解,有時水火不容,是一種跨專業跨社群的「傳播過程」。
高佻的Francis,今天穿了筆挺的深灰色西裝外套和同款褲子,藍色袜子,配黑色皮鞋。手長腳長的他,坐在那張調得太低的證人辦公室椅子上,大部份時間雙腳交疊着,解說社科原理時,忍不住左右微微搖晃。
Francis的手部動作很多。虛構的符號,概念,時間線,常在空中出現。「這是point A,這是 point B」,左右手好像各自握着一個小球;「時間過了幾個月」,他的右手掌竪起,在枱面上從左掃向右;「事情慢慢發酵」,他又會凌空做出像搞動手動原筆刨的動作。證人枱,尤如學術講堂。
Francis作供到了第三天,法庭裡的所有人,從庭警到保安,從記者到市民,從法官到律師們,都像接受了社科特訓。今天的對答,涉及更深入地提問,用甚麼樣的嚴謹精神,檢視事物的意思,確立事物的關係,作出任何一個聲稱。
控方曾指出,「光時」口號的出現日期,來自7.21白天,中聯辦外「反中國政府」的示威,故口號含意和「反中國政府」有關。
Francis反駁,電腦分析連登討論區,發現「光時」於網上出現的時間,要比7.21早兩星期。他解釋,2019年7月初,有人舉行「光復屯門公園」活動;7月中,有「光復上水」活動。他留意到網上已出現「光時」口號完整八字或部分。在他看來,社會運動一直發展,社運進程和口號如何出現有動態關係。
「心理學上有Priming (促發效應) 這概念。7月初至中的光復行動,讓『光復』二字開始重新在人們腦海出現,心理上作出了提示,並驅使人們回想起幾年前的社區光復行動,為『光時』口號後來再出現製造充足背景。」
控方亦挑戰,7.21日後,「光時」口號廣泛被傳播,是因為人們對「反中國政府」的意思認同。
Francis用數據反駁。Francis披露,他於2019年11月替進行全港電話民意調查,其中一個問題問受訪市民:「過去幾個月那一件事令你對警方產生負面印象。」Francis指出,大部份回應(逾八成人)均指出「元朗襲擊」有關。此民調是當時由警監會委托Francis團隊進行的。
「這數據顯示,721之後,公眾關注是元朗襲擊,而非中聯辦。對支持反修例運動的人來說,元朗襲擊引起巨大的集體不滿和憤懣。『光時』口號夠抽象,讓人們在示威現場吶喊出來,可以表達他們的情緒、憤怒和怨氣。」Francis補充,口號出現是一個動態過程,不是忽然出現。
另一個討論重點是,唐英傑案發生在2020年7月1日。而Francis的示威現場調查、電話民意調查及焦點小組等,均於2020初完成。法律上,十分強調證據之相關性 (relevance),如此,好像有段時間的空白。
今早,辯方完成覆問後,三位法官先曾退庭25分鐘,卻沒有讓Francis離開。重新開庭後,唯一的男官陳嘉信娓娓道來:「李教授,請給我們一點耐性……」說了一大堆開場白,原來就是問及這個在法官們心中的「空白時段(gap)」。
意思是,Francis如何說服法庭,他對「光時」口號意思乃開放性的看法,在案件事發時及之前 (2020年初至中),並沒有改變?如此這樣,Francis又以理論輔以數據回答。
首先,Francis以控方專家的說話反問:「我們在2020初,以多方法去找『光時』口號的意義,數據及焦點小組都確認『光時』可以有多種意思,與『港獨』關係不強烈。」
「控方專家劉智鵬教授認為,『光時』口號千百年不變,那忽然有人告訴我,在我的研究之後6至8個月內,口號的意義有改變,那就請證明給看,相關理論及證據。現在不只是說意義出現了改變,而且是變得極單一,出現了很具體的轉變。作為社會學家,我看不到相關證據。」
Francis提供自己的證據。他從連登不同時段,搜刮了大數據,嘗試彌補這個「關鍵空白」。
Francis詳細解釋研究方法:
在2019年11月到2020年2月,從連登「時事台」看不同口號出現的情況。
團隊發現,「光復香港」與「香港獨立」的統計學上關係疲弱,相關系數(correlation coefficient)只有0.295;「時代革命」和「香港獨立」的相關係數亦只有0.353。而另一個口號「五大訴求」和「香港獨立」的相關係數也差不多,只有0.371 。
Francis解釋,「1」是統計學上「完全有關」。「光復香港」和「時代革命」出現的統計學上關係很強,高達0.99 。
而統計學上,「0.3」只能說是弱到中度有關,Francis指出,這是國際學術圈子共同認知的解讀。由於「五大訴求」中的具體訴求內容,與追求港獨沒有關係,也可以說明,「光時」口號和「港獨」沒明顯關係。
Francis指,若「光時」真是於2020年出現意義上的轉變,同一個研究於2020年初至中進行,相關係數會上升。但團隊真是把連登於2020年案發前一段時間的數據再以電腦分析,得出結果是,統計學上,「光時」口號與「港獨」關係維持疲弱。
團隊於2020年3月至7月,從連登找一樣的口號。發現「光復香港」與「港獨」的相關係數,維持在0.291, 而「時代革命」和「港獨」字眼的相關係數,亦維持在0.2652 。
「若『光時』口號在案發現時間,與『港獨』意思變得更緊密,數字應該上升,但數據維持差不多。這測試說明,沒有證據去說『光時』與『港獨』的意思變得越來越相近。我們知道案發現時間有個隙縫,我們盡力嘗試去以數據回答。」
面對統計學上的關係,法官和控方代表,都作出追問。
這天法官杜麗冰戴了色彩繽紛的膠框眼鏡,她問道,「會不會只是後來少了人談『港獨』,少了人上網討論?」
Francis指出:「相關係數與數量的多少沒關,而是兩個變項(variable)的強弱關係。」
Francis早前提過,意義十分雷同的字眼,人們不會兩個都使用:「好像我說『你很醒目』和『你很聰明』(clever及smart),人們會只選一個字,否則是太累贅(redundant)。」
彭寶琴法官學以致用,立即追問,如果「光時」和「港獨」意思接近,這個方法怎樣有效?因為說了「光時」等於說了「港獨」,人們不用說兩次同一件事。
Francis的「社科狂熱」又燒起來,指彭官點出了一個重要問題:
「所以研究的設計,非常講究。這裡關鍵是我是以『每一天』為計算單位,而非『每一個帖子』。人們發一個帖,不會重覆使用同義字,但於同一日,總的來說,若當時『港獨』是熱話題,不同的人同日使用『光時』口號會不會多了?」這是設計的精要。
Francis後來再解釋得更具體。
「例如,某一天,含有『香港獨立』的帖子數量,佔當日總帖子數量比例為10%;同一天,含有『光復香港』的帖子數量,佔當日總帖子數量比例亦同為10%。
第二天,含有『香港獨立』的帖子數量,佔當日總帖子數量比例為5%;同一天,含有『光復香港』的帖子數量,佔當日總帖子數量比例亦同為5%。
第三天,含有『香港獨立』的帖子數量,佔當日總帖子數量比例為12%;同一天,含有『光復香港』的帖子數量,佔當日總帖子數量比例亦同為12%。
如此這樣,我們拿200天的數據,看關係是否一起上升和一起下滑, 即是看兩組數字是否齊上齊落。最後算出來的『相關係數』就會是『1』.」
然而,控方的報告,是由幾位警員,回看百計遊行錄影,然後數算有多少天有人揮舞「光時」旗幟或有喊「光時」口號,而再紀錄這天有沒有人進行「顛覆行為」,例如喊港獨口號、進行破壞或使用暴力等。
早幾天,Francis批評,警察的做法,不能建立「光時」與「港獨」意思相,因為兩者只是同時出現 (co-appearance)。
控方代表周天行檢控專員,還是堅持挑戰Francis,指出Francis沒有把連登裡刪掉了的帖子,計算在內。
Francis回應說:「我們的數據包含2千5百萬個帖子或回應,刪掉了一些帖子,不會影響結果。」
周專員追問:「你知道有多少帖子被刪掉了?」
Francis答得巧妙:「我不需要知道。」
周專員再拿出那疊人手從連登萃取下來的帖子影印本,指出個別帖子,叫Francis回應。帖子裡,有個別網民留言,指「光時」意思就是「港獨」。
Francis忍不住回應:「這裡顯示的是,有人把『光時』理解為與『港獨』有關。這和我們的焦點小組發現一樣。的確有人從『光時』看到有『港獨』意義。」早前,Francis在庭上有從其報告讀出有焦點小組參加者,指『光時』有『少少港獨意味』,但同時有其他人看不到港獨意思。
Francis語帶雙關:「但我看的是2千5百萬留言,人們不可以 “cherry pick”(挑選櫻桃,指只選取對自己有利的東西,漠視對自己不利的東西)。」
Francis說到不可以cherry pick時,一頓,望着周專員說:「我不是批評你,而是我們如何防止包括我自己也做了cherry picking。(I am not criticizing you, but how can we prevent myself from cherry picking)」
Francis續說:「當然,研究員可以從2千5百萬個留言逐個查看是否與『港獨』有關,但現實上沒可能,所以我們才用這個統計學方法去看關聯。若你提及的這個帖,持續頻密在連登出現,數據上會見到強關係,但這類帖子只是零星出現,沒有成為一個主流。」
辯方代表劉偉聰大狀坐着,聽到這裡,微微一笑。
周專員還是不放棄找Francis研究的漏洞:「你沒有調查過連登以外,例如現實生活上,有人用其他方法喊口號?」
Francis重新讓數據說話:「我們已有2千5百萬個留言,多達20萬用家的意見,結果我們找不到統計學上的強烈關係。你問可不可以再做其他研究?當然可以。」
連登大數據分析,把「光復香港」和「時代革命」分拆,不是把八個字一次過與「香港獨立」作電腦運算。
Francis解釋他背後想法:「網民留言很短的,只寫『光復香港』或只寫『時代革命』已經代表了整個口號。連劉智鵬教授也說過,他認為把整個口號分開來分析也含有分裂國家意思,劉教授也有拆過口號作理解。」
周專員再嘗試進攻:「警察做的示威錄像調查具相關性(relevant),有助(helpful)我們理解口號意義。」
Francis:「我不認為有幫助,我會說不相關(irrelevant)。」
周專員瞪大了眼,眼神穿透了長方型金屬眼鏡:「完全不相關(not relevant at all)?」
Francis反駁:「如果你是指警察報告,能支持『光時』意思是『港獨』,那警察報告不成立,清楚不能作出這個總結。我抱歉只能說,我不認為是相關的。(Sorry to say I don’t think it is relevant)。」
周專員質疑,警察報告中,百計示威錄影片段,Francis有沒有看過。
Francis回應:「我信任警察,在點算數目字上沒有問題。(I trust police on how they count them)我沒有理由自己去看一次,為了挑戰警察點算是否準確。」
周專員轉向發問統計學問題,叫Francis拿着控方影印的連登帖子,即場示範運算「相關係數」。
此時,彭寶琴法官插話,指這疊資料未必對法庭有幫助,「除非你對李教授的方法論有質疑」。
周說:「就是要看李教授從連登找到的結果有多可靠。」周繼續要求Francis拿着影印的連登帖子示範做統計運算。
時近中午,彭寶琴終於解說了她整個早上學習到的統計學知識:
「李教授解釋得好詳細了。當一個變項的百分比,與另一個變項的百分比,在一段長時間內,可以檢視兩者是一起上升,還是一起下降,如兩者趨勢一樣,則『相關係數』等於『1』.」說完,彭官望着Francis。
Francis微笑說:「很接近了(Close Enough)。」
此後,周天行專員就說,沒有提問,然後坐下。
兩位社會學家,連續五天在香港法院講解社會科學方法、理論,解釋如何以不同工具怎樣去探視、切割、理解社會運動。本來大家以為只是虛浮懸空又抽象的文字意思,透過社科工具,學者對社會深切的認知熱情,原來可以從人們的腦海中,抽取一些集體認知和意義。
按李立峯所說,他認為這些意思,雖然觸不到,也是可以科學化去檢視和驗証的社會性事實(social facts)。
兩位學者的多項關於反修例運動的研究,早在2019年已經開展,當時沒有國安法,唐英傑亦未成為被告。而再回溯過去幾十年,社科學者一直有研讀社會運動,撰寫學術論文和著書。
七一遊行,六四晚會,派研究員到現場做問卷調查,打電話到府上問大家的各種想法,在學術圈子不是新鮮事。
只是以往這些艱澀的知識,只會出現在大學班房裡,供學者們互相辯論,或學子們修讀學習。
如今社科學者走進法庭,把他們畢生研究的成果,於審訊中呈上。法官們在審訊中,不時對這批「專家證人」強調:「教授,請問你/妳如何可以協助法庭理解這或這?」「教授,若我有錯請糾正我。」
至於法庭與社科世界的奇異交雜,最終對判決是否有影響,還待揭曉。
不過,Francis已不是第一次以社科學者身份,出現在香港法庭。2017年佔中九子案開審,他是香港近代法庭史上,第一位以「民調學者」身份作供的專家證人。
控辯雙方的律師代表,曾於今次國安法第一審中,就Francis上一次於佔中案作專家證人的結果,各有不同解讀,各自做了自己的Cherry Picking。
控方周天行問:「李教授,上次於佔中案你以『民意調查』專家身份作供,最後法庭判詞下來,是否不給予你的專家報告任何比重?」
Francis答是。
然而辯方劉偉聰大狀亦曾問及:「李教授,雖然佔中案法官沒有對你的供詞給予任何比重,但判詞中卻形容,你在民意調查的作供過程裡『既有誠信亦可靠』。」
Francis亦答是。
是否徒勞?視乎觀點與角度。
(圖為兩位辯方專家證人離開高等法院)
***
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7月13日辯方專家李詠怡及李立峯作供
https://www.facebook.com/wwviviantam/photos/a.1435553239866430/4240215429400183/
國安法首審專家證人系列(六之五):[沒有誰比誰高貴]
7月14日辯方專家李立峯作供
https://www.facebook.com/wwviviantam/photos/a.1435553239866430/4243328702422189/
國安法首審專家證人系列(六之六):[選櫻桃的人]
7月15日辯方專家李立峯作供
https://www.facebook.com/wwviviantam/photos/a.1435553239866430/4245860505502342/
同時也有5部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過667萬的網紅Travel Thirsty,也在其Youtube影片中提到,Pulled chai made by a tea seller, or "chai wallah". Here's how masala chai is made at the famous Krishna's Tea Stall. Ingredients include black tea, f...
redundant 在 ลงทุนแมน Facebook 八卦
เงินติดล้อ X ลงทุนแมน
กรณีศึกษา ทางเลือกยุติวิกฤติหนี้วนรอบตัว
มีการประเมินว่าวิกฤติเศรษฐกิจครั้งนี้ กำลังทำให้คนไทยเสี่ยงตกงานสูง
ซึ่งยังไม่รวมถึงคนที่อาจถูกลดเงินเดือน จนถึงปีนี้อาจไม่ได้รับโบนัส
...Continue ReadingWheel money tid invest man
Alternative case study. Ending the debt crisis around the world.
It is estimated that this economic crisis is putting Thai people at high risk of unemployment.
This doesn't include people who may have been on salary so far this year may not get bonus.
This is making many office workers worry about their financial status.
Because when expenses remain the same, income is likely decreasing.
A solution that is always chosen is to ask for a loan for a loan.
So far using a credit card to tackle your own daily spending.
Or worse than that, someone might have to rely on debt out of the system.
When it's like this, what many people face is ′′ a system of debt
When taking money from this credit card to clean up another debt, including paying off personal debts.
When you turn money into a minimum debt, it becomes a spinning. Never ending.
When I come to realize that again.. interest and debt are increasing to myself. It's too much that I'm paying.
Finally, it's a bad result of our financial history. It's difficult to ask for a loan or a financial transaction.
The impact of this economic crisis is making people in the situation more and more in our homes.
This story is why ′′ Wheel Money ′′ invented a promotion to help people with financial crisis for many people.
Having a difficult state of affairs or having overdue debt lately.
How well will this promo solve the debt burden?
First of all, I have to explain that ′′ wheel money ′′ is in business with license plate.
If we want to spend money then we have a car or motorcycle, it can be used to get a loan with wheeled money.
The interesting thing is.. if it's approved we can still use the same car.
This story is one of the solutions for those who encounter debt problems.
With a way to consolidate many debt to only one debt.
Assuming if we owe 4 credit cards and personal debts.
Which means we have to carry interest and creditor fees up to 5 accounts.
But if we ask for a loan with wheels money, then pay back the other debts.
We will have a burden to pay in installments. Just one wheeled money.
Now it's keeping us from paying interest and redundant fees. It's considered to reduce the heavy installment burden to lightly.
khảt̄hām is, how about this promo, interest rate and fees?
The answer is if it's interest, the tree reduction will be at 18.95 % per annum.
The good thing is that if in the month we have more income, it can be poa to reduce the money. The interest throughout the contract will be reduced.
Or if we have big money, it can be closed anytime and we don't have to pay the rest of the interest because the interest will be paid until the day we close the debt.
Interesting thing is fast approval. Get paid within 24 hours. After being approved
This method may be one of the options that help save many people's financial crisis.
Been going through well lately
For money, wheels are business entrepreneurs. Provide loan services under licenses from Bank of Thailand. Our rates and interest methods are consistent with public sector policy. This brand's strength is easy access. Do business straightforward. There are 1,000 branches nationwide and 1,000 branches nationwide. Ready to help customers live a spinning life.
Counting as another interesting choice
Because I know that the expansion of Thai household debt is around 9 years ago.
Most of them are still clustering with the same borrower. It's a difficult debt trap.
#ให้ทุกคนได้ไปต่อ #เงินติดล้อ
Interested in loan, car license, wheeled money, click https://bit.ly/2G2ZOyM
References
- Press release documents. Wheel money Ltd.
-https://www.bot.or.th/app/feerate/internal.aspx?PageNo=7
https://www.ngerntidlor.com/th/promotions/autoloan/autoloan-088-aug20.htmlTranslated
redundant 在 謙預 Qianyu.sg Facebook 八卦
【靜下心來好好想 - 珍惜生命 拒絕自殺】
Calm Your Inner Storm - Please Love Yourself To Say No To Suicide
本該活到70歲,30歲卻自殺,剩40年的壽命怎麼辦?
我過往想自殺的次數,不少於100次,小學時就覺得我活著很多餘。長大後想尋死的理由更多,家庭、工作、經濟、感情等等。如果當初真的跳下去,就不會有今天的李季謙,拍80多支影片,給幾萬個你們觀看了。
好笑的是,我有十年的時間,覺得自己就是個廢物,一事無成的廢物。
可現在你們留言說,我給你們很大的正能量。
同樣是力量,讓我能把負能量轉為正能量,從陰霾中走出來,給我很大的心靈力量的是佛法。
我媽說想自殺這麼丟臉的事,不該公開說給那麼多人聽。她好意想讓我的形象比較正面。在很多國家,每年的自殺率都在增加,從老到少,憂鬱焦慮的人越來越多,那我寧願不要這樣的面子,盡一點綿力拉大家一把。
如果你今天想要尋死,請靜下來心來好好想,先聽我這位「前輩」說。
📖 《靜下心來好好想》全球觀眾都能免費索取1本(海外郵資NTD150):
http://www.edaden.com/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=686
🇲🇾 《靜下心來好好想》- 馬來西亞觀眾:
📖 《靜下心來好好想》全球觀眾免費索取1本(海外郵資NTD150):
http://www.edaden.com/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=686
🇲🇾 《靜下心來好好想》- 馬來西亞觀眾:
https://www.dadenmalaysia.com/products/靜下心來好好想-珍惜生命-拒絕自殺-
珍惜生命不只是「拒絕自殺」,
最大的意義還包括積極讓生命的夢想增色增輝!
活一天 感恩一天
活一天 快樂一天
活一天 修行一天
~ 蓮生活佛
在本書中,從自殺者死後的靈魂談起,藉由蓮生活佛在十方法界中的遊歷經驗,讓讀者了解自殺者死後的世界。肉體的死亡並非一了百了,他們淪入「殘靈園」,斷頭、斷手、斷足,全成了橫死殘缺不全的魂魄,在臭穢不堪的境界,日覆一日地重演著自殺時的慘境與痛苦,求出無期,原來「自殺」非但不是解脫之道,反而成了真正痛苦的開始。
既然自殺無法解決問題,那麼日常生活所面臨的煩惱,包括:金錢、名位、感情、健康、子女、是非…,這些人生的愁緒,又該如何化解?本書收錄了作者的快樂錦囊,作書留級重考過、愛情慘遭失敗過、曾被冤枉過、甚至被離棄過的蓮生活佛,是如何轉化這些逆境與考驗,使它們變成生命增上的助緣,將所有的煩惱糾結,哈哈哈大笑三聲,一笑置之,看作是自己多彩多姿的人生。
交出人生成績單
讀書、就業、結婚、生兒育女、老、病、死,這些生命的循環經歷,每個人並沒有什麼不同。真正重要的是,我們每一個人這一世的使命完成了嗎?曾經問過自己什麼才是這一生的大事、這一生的目標嗎?怎樣才叫做生命不虛此行?這答案是本書真正要傳達給讀者的。
不辜負這一生要怎麼樣?就是人生的成績單交出來的時候,每一個科目都是及格的。
~蓮生活佛
活一天 感恩一天
活一天 快樂一天
活一天 修行一天
~ 蓮生活佛
——————————————————————
If you kill yourelf at age 30, when you should have lived till 70, what happens to the remaining 40 years?
I had contemplated suicide in the past, at least 100 times. During my primary school days, I felt my existance was redundant. When I grew up, there were many more reasons for suicide. Family, work, financial woes, relationships, etc. If I had jumped that one time, there will be no Lee Ji Qian today, to shoot over 80 videos for the tens of thousands of you to watch.
Ironically, for more than 10 years, I felt I was a useless person, with zero achievement.
Now, I see many comments telling me that I gave them positive energy.
The jab of energy which allows me to transform my negative energies and guided me out of the fog is the power of the Dharma.
My mother told me not to disclose publicly my past desire to kill myself. She said it was shameful for everyone to know, and I understand her good intention for me to maintain a positive image. In many countries, the suicide rate is increasing. More people of all ages are suffering from depression, and I would rather look bad in public and lend a helping hand to those in need through this video.
If you wish to take your own life today, please calm your inner storm, and listen to me, the one who had gone through the same path.
For every day you live, be thankful.
For every day you live, be joyful.
For every day you live, cultivate spiritually.
- Living Buddha Lian-Sheng
On my Youtube channel: https://youtu.be/3ThUAThMPqM
redundant 在 Travel Thirsty Youtube 的評價
Pulled chai made by a tea seller, or "chai wallah". Here's how masala chai is made at the famous Krishna's Tea Stall. Ingredients include black tea, fresh whole milk, water, black peppercorns, sugar, ginger, cinnamon, cloves, and cardamom. Unlike many milky teas, which are brewed in water with milk later added, traditional masala chai is often brewed directly in the milk.
Masala chai (Hindi: मसाला चाय, literally "mixed-spice tea"; Urdu: مصالحہ چائے) is a flavoured tea beverage made by brewing black tea with a mixture of aromatic Indian spices and herbs. Originating in India, the beverage has gained worldwide popularity, becoming a feature in many coffee and tea houses. Although traditionally prepared by a decoction of green cardamom pods, cinnamon sticks, ground cloves, ground ginger, and black peppercorn together with black tea leaves, retail versions include tea bags for infusion, instant powdered mixtures, and concentrates. The noun "chai" alone refers to the beverage tea; in some places, chai is an acceptable equivalent for masala chai.
In many Eurasian languages, chai or cha is the word for tea. This comes from the Persian چای chay, which originated from the Chinese word for tea 茶 chá. (The English word tea, on the other hand, comes from the Teochew dialect of Chinese teeh.) In English, this spiced tea is commonly referred to as masala chai or simply chai, even though the term refers to tea in general in the origin language. Numerous United States coffee houses use the term chai latte or the redundant term chai tea latte for their version to indicate that the steamed milk, much like a regular cafè latte, is mixed with a spiced tea concentrate instead of espresso. By 1994 the term had gained currency on the U.S. coffeehouse scene.
Masala tea is a very popular beverage in South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka). People start their day by consuming a cup of tea. This first cup of tea is fondly called 'bed tea'. Throughout the day people consume many cups of tea. Every street corner in places of business has a 'Chai Walla', a tea maker who brings hot tea to people's places of business whether they are retail businesses or commercial. Tea is a part of life and is offered to all guest at home and also to many customers visiting retail stores.
redundant 在 ThinkView Youtube 的評價
Chúc Mừng Việt Nam đã vào trận chung kết giải U23 Châu Á
Tìm hiểu về RAID
RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) là một công nghệ bộ nhớ lưu trữ ảo kết hợp giữa nhiều ổ cứng vật lý với nhau thành một đơn vị lưu trữ đơn lẻ nhằm đạt được hiệu quả lưu trữ cao hơn
_
+ Laptop cao cấp nhập khẩu từ Mỹ: http://thinkpro.vn
+ Laptop cũ giá rẻ, sinh viên, văn phòng siêu bền: http://thinkking.vn
_
ThinkPro là cửa hàng bán lẻ máy tính nhập khẩu nhập khẩu trực tuyến. Cam kết giá rẻ nhất, dịch vụ bảo hành và hỗ trợ sau bán hàng 24/7. Bảo hành tận nhà, giao hàng tận tay.
ThinkView là kênh giới thiệu đánh giá sản phẩm công nghệ chất lượng cao. ThinkView luôn muốn mời các đơn vị, công ty có sản phẩm mới chất lượng tốt cung cấp để ThinkView thực hiện video đánh giá, giới thiệu. ThinkView hoạt động hoàn toàn miễn phí.
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THEO DÕI THINKVIEW TẠI:
Youtube: http://youtube.com/ThinkView
Like Fanpage: http://facebook.com/ThinkView.vn
Website: http://thinkview.vn
Twitter: http://twitter.com/ThinkViewVN
Tham gia Group chém gió - hỏi đáp về máy tính: http://fb.com/groups/ThinkCare
Reviewer Hưng Khúc: https://www.facebook.com/hungquockhuc
Mời hợp tác review xin liên hệ: 09 1234 3773 (Mr. Long)
redundant 在 謙預 QianyuSG Youtube 的評價
【靜下心來好好想 - 珍惜生命 拒絕自殺】
Calm Your Inner Storm - Please Love Yourself To Say No To Suicide
本該活到70歲,30歲卻自殺,剩40年的壽命怎麼辦?
我過往想自殺的次數,不少於100次,小學時就覺得我活著很多餘。長大後想尋死的理由更多,家庭、工作、經濟、感情等等。如果當初真的就跳下去,就不會有今天的李季謙,拍了80多支影片,給幾萬個你們觀看了。
好笑的是,我有十年的時間,覺得自己就是個廢物,一事無成的廢物。
可現在你們留言說,我給你們很大的正能量。
同樣是力量,讓我能把負能量轉為正能量,從陰霾中走出來,給我很大的心靈力量的是佛法。
我媽說想自殺這麼丟臉的事,不該公開說給那麼多人聽。她好意想讓我的形象比較正面。在很多國家,每年的自殺率都在增加,從老到少,憂鬱焦慮的人越來越多,那我寧願不要這樣的面子,盡一點綿力拉大家一把。
如果你今天想要尋死,請靜下來心來好好想,先聽我這位「前輩」說。
? 《靜下心來好好想》免費索取1本(海外郵資NTD150):
http://www.edaden.com/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=686
活一天 感恩一天
活一天 快樂一天
活一天 修行一天
~ 蓮生活佛
——————————————————————
If you kill yourself at age 30, when you should have lived till 70, what happens to the remaining 40 years?
I had contemplated suicide in the past, at least 100 times. During my primary school days, I felt my existance was redundant. When I grew up, there were many more reasons for suicide. Family, work, financial woes, relationships, etc. If I had jumped that one time, there will be no Lee Ji Qian today, to shoot over 80 videos for the tens of thousands of you to watch.
Ironically, for more than 10 years, I felt I was a useless person, with zero achievement.
Now, I see many comments telling me that I gave them positive energy.
The jab of energy which allows me to transform my negative energies and guided me out of the fog is the power of the Dharma.
My mother told me not to disclose publicly my past desire to kill myself. She said it was shameful for everyone to know, and I understand her good intention for me to maintain a positive image. In many countries, the suicide rate is increasing. More people of all ages are suffering from depression, and I would rather look bad in public and lend a helping hand to those in need through this video.
If you wish to take your own life today, please calm your inner storm, and listen to me, the one who had gone through the same path.
On my Youtube channel: https://youtu.be/79CPmq1SGYM
? CONNECT WITH ME HERE:
http://www.facebook.com/qianyuSG
https://www.instagram.com/qianyusg/
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
1) Track: Suspense Scary Music
Music provided by Oak Studios
https://youtu.be/tJkQs5xEhPU
2) Lightless Dawn by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...)
Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-...
Artist: http://incompetech.com/
- Music promoted by 1HMNC - No Copyright Music
https://youtu.be/88nxThiNquw
3) "Steffen Daum - Goodbye My Dear" is under a Creative Commons license (CC-BY 3.0)
Music promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://youtu.be/X7evDQiP3yI
redundant 在 Green Day - Redundant [Official Music Video] - YouTube 的八卦
2011 WMG"Redundant" by Green Day from 'Nimrod,' available now. Directed by Mark Kohr.Download on ... ... <看更多>