我對憲政改革的主張
最近一段時間以來,各種對憲改的主張開始受到社會矚目,蘇貞昌主席提出了七項主張,也得到陳長文律師的善意回應。台灣的「憲政時刻」(constitutional moment)正浮現,民主的深化與鞏固與否,就看這一次政治家能不能端出憲改的好菜色。
待解的憲政問題其實很多,但我認為最重要的,是解決當前國會與民意脫節的問題。最明顯的案例,是服貿與核四。由人民選出的國會多數黨,竟和多數民意站在對立面,國家主人束手無策;而直接民主的公投門檻又過高,無法彌補代議政治的不足。這是當前最大的民主危機,也凸顯憲政改革的必要性。
國會經常與民意脫節,是因為國會代表性不足。我們在第七次修憲時的制度選擇和選區劃分,導致了票票不等值的問題。政黨選票比例沒有反映在國會席次的分布上,最大黨的席次被不成比例地放大,小黨則幾乎被湮滅。對於這個修憲結果,民進黨付出了代價,也應該要擔起一部分責任。
要提升國會民意代表性,「讓政黨席次比例符合選票比例」、「減少票票不等值」及「讓小黨有生存空間」將是憲政改革的重要目標。由於票票不等值問題,主要是行政區間人口差異懸殊所造成,不容易解決,因此適度增加國會席次就有其必要,特別是增加不分區的席次,也將對提升立法品質有明顯的幫助。
同時,降低政黨門檻讓小黨有當選空間,並以德國「聯立制」取代現行「並立制」,這樣國會的最終席次分布,將趨近於民意的政黨傾向。當然,給小黨生存空間可能會影響民進黨的利益,但換個角度來看,增加了多元代表性的國會,也會讓未來組閣的「最小多數聯盟」多了想像的可能性。
代議之外,台灣的直接民主也出現了問題,當年在藍大於綠的國會下設計出來的《公投法》,事實上是個「鳥籠公投法」,它的門檻比其他國家都要高,並把未出席投票者都視為否決一方,導致了公投的否決方支持者與其出面投票,不如在家睡覺。
要改善這個問題,公投門檻應該降低。如果社會對某些公投議題有疑慮,可以往原則降低門檻為簡單多數決,特殊議題維持原來的絕對多數決的方向討論。但我也要提醒,像是主權爭議的問題,一個負責任的執政者,絕不會在爭議雙方旗鼓相當的情況下貿然舉行公投,因為那將導致國內激烈的衝突。
「憲政時刻」正浮現,民眾對於國會不能代表民意憂心忡忡。國會是最高民意機構,也是民主制度的權力中心,優先解決國會的代表性問題,不僅能夠深化民主,也可以避免事事公投的困境。透過憲政改造提升國會的多元代表性,以及真正落實以直接民主取代代議的不足,是健全台灣民主的當務之急。唯有這件任務完成,選擇總統制或內閣制的辯論才有意義,民主才能更鞏固。
以上是我對憲政改革的態度,未來我也將以此為基礎,與學者、公民團體、關心憲改的全體人民展開討論,凝聚憲改立場的共識。態度的表達是責任的表現,做為在野黨的領導者,我會傾聽各種不同的意見,讓民進黨與社會進步力量共同推出一個擁有最大民意共識的憲改方案,這將是民主深化的開始,也是台灣改變的開始。
(全文可見「蘋果日報」: http://goo.gl/FLW0ez )
同時也有10000部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過62萬的網紅Bryan Wee,也在其Youtube影片中提到,...
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constitutional moment 在 范雲 FAN, Yun Facebook 八卦
現在是台灣的憲政時刻!
今天參加由 #台灣公民陣線 #經濟民主聯合 所舉辦的 #新憲聲明發布記者會。我在會中分享從野百合到太陽花,新憲法一直是年輕世代所期待的。而今天,台灣已經出現 #憲政時刻 (constitutional moment)!
野百合運動之後,1991年出現 #學生教授制憲聯盟 ,當時喊出 #主權制憲、#社會權 的主張;太陽花運動後期也提出 #公民憲政會議,這些都是台灣民意對於 #新憲法 的期待。
今天,蔡總統就任演說也提到,將成立修憲委員會。
台灣的 #憲政時刻 #constitutional moment 已經出現!
台灣年輕人和中華民國憲法很疏離,因為這個憲法跟他們沒有連結,#並不是在這片土地上產生的,#也沒有經過台灣人民同意。
作為立法委員,我一定會盡力促成 #新憲的出現。我目前已針對 #18歲公民權提案修憲委員會,將來針對 #中央政府權責相符的體制,以及 #保障弱勢人權的社會權 等議題,提出相應的主張。
台灣需要一個真正屬於台灣人民的憲法!
constitutional moment 在 黃之鋒 Joshua Wong Facebook 八卦
【大使館發言人批評意大利國會邀請我作聽證 外交部長反駁斥捍衛言論自由】
感謝意大利國會議員邀請,日前我藉視像通話方式,參與意大利國會外交及人權委員會的聽證會,呼籲意大利支持香港實現民主普選,停止出口衝鋒車予香港警察,亦鼓勵他們參考《香港人權民主法案》醞釀制裁機制。
聽證結束以後,本來當地關注尚算有限,但中國駐意大利使館發言人高調發表聲明批評意大利國會議員「執意與黃之鋒搞視頻通話,為港獨分子撐腰」,就令到香港議題再度進佔輿論版面。
根據「中國外交Bingo紙」,聲明內文中了至少9個關鍵詞,包括斥我「竭力 #顛倒黑白,#美化暴力,詆毁一國兩制……是個徹頭徹尾的港獨 #跳樑小丑」,還有「#極其錯誤、#不負責任」,表示 #強烈不滿、#堅決反對,呼籲有關人士 #尊重主權(???),多做有利中意友好與合作事宜,這只反映中國外交系統何等「玻璃心」。
據意大利記者告知,中國駐意大利大使館發言人的取態,導致意大利外交部長及國會議員先後回應,表明捍衛言論自由,反對中國政府阻礙交流;同時,政界與傳媒亦深深體會到中共威權擴張的可怕,相信此舉只會有助香港令國際社會明白,為何與香港同行就是捍衛自由。
作用曾遭中共駐多國使館均曾批評人士,我已對一切批評見怪不怪,也由衷感謝中國外交系統的批評,往往本來聽證會也沒有甚麼關注,但只要大使館發言批評,就令到香港議題再度進佔輿論版面。我會繼續努力,讓世界看見香港,與香港同行。
最後,附上自己的國會發言全文給各位細閱:
Thursday, 28 November 2019
Italy Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Testimony by Joshua Wong
Good afternoon,
May I first express our heartfelt gratitude to the Senate’s generous invitation to give testimony before the honourable Senators and Congressmen, even though I’m not allowed to fly to Italy. The very moment I was rejected by the court to travel, I felt that it was even worse than deciding my sentences in jail as I would not be able to meet with friends in Europe to explain our cause for democracy and freedom.
Implications of Local Election result
As you may aware of Hong Kong’s local election record-high turnout, almost 3 million Hong Kong people, in a community and policy-based election, had cast ballot to express our discontent to the government and huge distrust to the Beijing authorities. Democrats went up to 385 seats, but the largest pro-Beijing party DAB, who owned 119 seats in the last term, had reduced to 21 seats.
The significance of this election to the world is that HK's current political crisis must be resolved by political solution, instead of policing force. The implications of this election are more than the number of seats in the council, but a sharp political message to the world that Hong Kong people stand with fellow protestors, and our resolve to free elections and a thoroughly independent investigation on police brutality. These humble demands are denied by China since 1997.
Civil Liberties Denied
Unfortunately, I have the most frequent encounters of civil liberties deprivation recently. At first, I went protesting against the controversial extradition bill, exercising my freedom to assembly. The government arrested me and charged me of inciting people taking part in an unlawful assembly. Then I went contesting in this local election, yet the government banned me from running for office because of my political stance. I turned to international advocacy, planning to fly to Italy explain to friends in Europe our democratic and peaceful cause. Regrettably, the court thought this Senate hearing is not important and rejected my travel application. Following the court decision, it's clear now I'm deprived of the right to election, freedom of movement, freedom of assembly (not allowed to appear on designated area), and freedom of speech. The civil liberties guaranteed in the constitution are however no longer applicable to me.
The principle of ‘One Country, Two Systems’ is a fragile ruling philosophy defining China-Hong Kong relations, guaranteeing the global financial city its autonomy. But in the past 22 years, Beijing intervened on many fronts already. Since 2014, Hong Kong’s civil society, particularly student leaders, had become the target of revenge in the past 5 years. I was arrested for 3 times, prosecuted and later imprisoned for my leading role in the Umbrella Movement. My colleague, Nathan Law, the youngest Councillor in HK’s history, was unseated and later imprisoned for the same reason. So this time people learnt from the experience and not to rely on particular ‘leading activists’ in order to prevent them from exposing to political prosecution. Besides, In the past three years, altogether Six elected legislators are disqualified for ridiculous reasons and led to an uninvited constitutional re-interpretation by Beijing.
Most recently in last week, Chinese troops, not only ready to be deployed, they have actually deployed soldiers near university area with an excuse to 'clear the barricades' of the streets. It is important to voice out to the global community, which is an attempt to coerce China's aggressive behavior using international pressure.
Trusted and Self-correcting protestors VS Abusive Police Power
In the past five months, I took a lot of interviews from journalists all over the world who are interested in reporting Hong Kong. They often find it difficult to understand why a social movement can be led without a leader, why protestors’ use of force is tolerated by fellow Hong Kong people and whether there is foreign forces behind this movement. Behind all these questions, I would like to appeal to you two messages:
firstly, the police brutality is far more serious than what is reported. Pregnant women also got beaten by police; young female (who is not a protestor) was gang raped inside the police station and many others
Secondly, there is strong and mutual trust among protestors. Certainly, protestors always have different tactical viewpoints. But there are apparently some principles guiding protestors’ decision-making, to name a few: to achieve the five demands, to prevent casualty, to avoid being arrested and to achieve mass support. These principles are essential, although we have suffered a lot of notorious police brutality in the past five months, making us more determined to fight for the five demands in solidarity.
As I mentioned the above, I realise these features are the important elements when practising democracy - mutual trust, transparency, people’s mandate, checks-and-balance. It is just ironic that Hong Kong is far from practising full democracy and free election under the authoritarian rule of Xi Jinping.
Another Frontier: International Advocacy
International advocacy is another frontier that Hong Kong people are keen on taking part in. It is the reason why I find compelled to travel and explain our cause and demands to the world. Before testifying in this committee, I attended an assembly an hour ago to yield for international support and to express our acknowledgement to advocacy efforts on the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act. The bill is signed by the US President today to coerce and prevent further human rights violation in Hong Kong. I also wrote to several Italian papers to share the viewpoints of the protestors during this period. To enhance the understanding of Hong Kong and deteriorating human right situation in China is essential for world leaders to make an informed choice in their collaboration with the Chinese authorities too.
Why Italy should care about Hong Kong?
However, I have to say I'm quite disappointed reading the Italy Foreign Minister’s Luigi Di Maio indifferent remarks on the dire human rights situation in Hong Kong. Prolonged police brutality since June this year, what protestors facing are live round bullets. Not to mention the fact that some Italian car factories like IVECO did play a part in the brutality of Hong Kong police by supplying police vehicles. I believe a responsible state like Italy should take the conscience of human dignity into consideration.
In fact, Hong Kong can serve as a story to learn from. We were unaware of the Chinese regime's intention to gain influence and control over our economy in the early years. And our economy now is to some extent too reliant on China, which makes our battle for freedom and democracy harder. Italy should stay alert to the reliance on Chinese economic interests. There's no free lunch in the world.
Many would say I am over worrying or being too skeptical about China. But the truth is China is known for not playing by the rules and has a notorious track record for its human rights violations. The failure of 'One Country Two Systems' in Hong Kong represents the notorious track record of China not honouring the international treaty signed in 1984. Besides, there are hundreds of thousands of Muslim Uighurs have been detained in camps without trial now. Victims have come forth and said they are forced to take medicines that lead to infertility, young female Uighurs are forced into marriage with Chinese officials to exchange for the safety of their families. 30 years ago, the Chinese Government sent tanks against its own people on the 4th June despite the public and global attention. It almost happened last week in two universities lockdown and it is my view that the international pressure had prevented this massacre from happening.
Possible Actions by Italy
Finally, I understand that Business leaders and politicians worry that if they directly confront China on its human rights abuses, it could jeopardize future deals. Yet it is my humble wish Italy will also be truth-ful to the promises the European Union has made. EU have pledged themselves to defend and advocate for human rights in neighboring countries and the world and promised to never directly or indirectly encourage human rights violations. Italy and the rest of the free world should refrain from turning a blind eye to this.
Our position is clear: HK people are defending not only the civil liberties, democratic values and economic freedom of this international city. Standing up against the largest authoritarian regime after the Cold War, we shall continue our fight for democracy lest HK becomes a police state nor an authoritarian state. I appeal to you to stand with the people of Hong Kong.
Thank you.
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