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台灣第一主播，雅琴英語教室開講了！EP.16
週一到週五，還有週日都有課喔
本集重點單字:
premises 處所
espionage 間諜
novel 小說/新穎
insignia 徽章
bombarded 轟炸
deliberate 商討
Competent authority 主管部門
Reconnaissance plane 偵察機
surveillance 監視
facepalm 打臉
#字幕版請看YouTube
雅琴英語教室，#Cathy Abc
https://reurl.cc/Qdvy8M
【「加」法伺候：港加引渡協議討論細節曝光】
作為第一張骨牌，訂立近30載的加港引渡協議因國安法宣佈無限期暫停 (suspend)，成為首個西方民主國家透過暫停司法協議向香港司法獨立投下不信任的一票。加國作為在早年港英政府籌備於97前較早一批按《中英聯合聲明》、讓香港能自行跟從「示範協議」(model agreement) 與各個友好國家商討引渡協議的國家，近年剛解密的多份英檔剛好有助重返當年加港協議商討過程，與及為今天「加法伺候」的外交舉動帶來啟示。
英國外交部解密文件顯示，加拿大政府一早表示對97後的香港存有外交上的擔憂。我們透過1991年港英行政局一份著手處理加港引渡協議的文件中 (Note for Executive Council) 提到【註一】，加拿大政府認為97年後加港引渡事宜應避免以「正式外交渠道」處理，因會牽涉中國當局「無理介入」(unwarranted interference)、甚或有拖慢整個移交過程的潛在風險，故希望在溝通渠道 (Channel of Communication) 更清楚確立加拿大司法部及香港律政司署作為對口單位。
當時，英國外交部因而建議以非正式的換函 (informal exchange of letters) 取代正式互換照會(exchange of notes) 去確認相關引渡協議【註二】，當年港督彭定康表示同意，並建議以地區之間的「逃犯移交」(surrender of fugitive offenders) 取代用國與國之間的「引渡」（rather than to extradition)，以香港律政司署作為「合適官方代表」(appropriate authority) 取代「勝任官方代表」 (competent authority)的字眼。雖然當中有兩份關鍵公文 (Folio) 到期仍未解封，也可從修訂書信字眼中，看出對中方潛在越俎代庖的「防火牆」設計。
巧妙的是，當時加拿大政府表示理解中國在97後香港的「外交指令權」 (right to instruct) 【註三】，但要求不必將權力寫在引渡協議中，這意味著加拿大對中方對香港備用的外交管轄權「避而不談」，只希望與香港當局直接處理引渡事宜。此舉實際上亦為加國保留了外交空間，免卻了港加引渡協議會演變成中加兩國政府的司法紛爭，一旦出現紛爭亦能在協議中有所根據。
雖然現今律政司司長鄭若驊聲稱加拿大暫停協議「很有可能違反國際法」【註四】，但正如香港與他國制訂協議時都會參照的示範協議，列明了簽訂雙方隨時 (at any time) 都有權透過通知中止及暫緩協議的條文 (加拿大引渡協議中第20條第3節)。
反而，當國安法已經將大陸法概念伸延至港，會否在境外處理違反國安法的人連特區政府也難以確定，已潛在破壞加國在制訂對港引渡協議原初理解，如當時加國十分重視的第18條 – 轉移交 (re-surrender)：條文指明移交逃犯除非「自願」否則不能再被移交另一司法地區。當今日香港已經對加國來說不知屬哪種司法管轄，更不能確定逃犯還能否在現今香港確保「自願」送中，現實上都是令加國認為引渡協議無法延續下去的實際考慮，亦不難想像將有更多與港簽訂引渡協議的國家跟隊效法。
#加拿大引渡協議
#骨牌效應
#無以復加
#加法伺候
#本土研究社
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參考檔案及資料
【註一】: 1991 FCO 40 3401 Hong Kong extradition agreement with Canada. The National Archives.
【註二】: 1992 FCO 40 3769 HK Extradition Agreement with Canada. The National Archives.
【註三】: 明報 : 衛奕信憂《逃犯例》涉政治罪行 促賦權法庭 挑戰中央指令
http://bit.ly/2SLJh6M
【註四】: 立場新聞 : 【國安法生效】加拿大暫停香港引渡協議 李家超：政治凌駕法治
https://bit.ly/31O49yt
參考文本
Mushkat, R. (1997). One country, two international legal personalities: the case of Hong Kong (Vol. 1). Hong Kong University Press.
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In 2020, people born in the year of Rat have pretty good fortune in wealth and career. Their salary may increase and they might get promoted and pass some qualification exams and get the certificates. In the aspect of health better to have medical checkups 🧧#CNY #happynewyear #chinesenewyear #qbobo #fortune #godoffortune #財神
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Ox is the second in the 12-year cycle of Chinese zodiac sign. Years of the Ox include 1913, 1925, 1937, 1949, 1961, 1973, 1985, 1997, 2009, 2021, 2033...
Oxen used to be capable farming tools in agricultural society, which attach to the symbol of diligence, persistence and honesty. People born in the Year of Ox are probably tardy in action, but industrious and cautious. Most of them are conservative and hold their faith firmly.
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Years of the Tiger. 1926, 1938, 1950, 1962, 1974, 1986, 1998, 2010, 2022
The Tiger's Personality: Brave, Confident...
People born in a year of the Tiger are brave, competitive, unpredictable, and confident. They are very charming and well-liked by others. But sometimes they are likely to be impetuous, irritable, and overindulged.
With stubborn personalities and tough judgment, Tigers work actively and express themselves boldly, doing things in a high-handed manner. They are authoritative and never go back on what they have said.
With great confidence and indomitable fortitude, they can be competent leaders. They will not make preparations for anything, but can handle anything that comes along.
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2023 Year of the Rabbit
Years of the Rabbit 1927, 1939, 1951, 1963, 1975, 1987, 1999, 2011, 2023
The Rabbit's Personality: Quiet, Elegant...
Rabbits tend to be gentle, quiet, elegant, quick, and skillful. However, they might be superficial, stubborn, melancholy, and too cautious.
When encountering tough difficulties, they are never discouraged but instead remain persistent in their endeavors to find solutions.
Gentlemen always treat people politely, with a gentle smile that makes people feel that they are credible and sincere.
Ladies, apart from having a pretty and demure appearance, have a pure heart.
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Year of the Dragon
China Zodiac Animal - Dragon
Dragon is the fifth in the 12-year cycle of Chinese zodiac sign. The Years of the Dragon include 1916, 1928, 1940, 1952, 1964, 1976, 1988, 2000, 2012, 2024...
The Dragon enjoys a very high reputation in Chinese culture. Chinese people regard themselves as descendents of the dragon. In ancient China, this imaginary creature was thought to speed across the sky with divine power. It is the token of authority, dignity, honor, success, luck, and capacity. Emperors entitled themselves exclusively as 'dragon'.
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Year of the Snake
China Zodiac Animal - Snake
Snake is the sixth in the 12-year cycle of Chinese zodiac sign. The Years of the Snake include 1917, 1929, 1941, 1953, 1965, 1977, 1989, 2001, 2013, 2025, 2037...
Snake carries the meanings of malevolence, cattiness and mystery, as well as acumen and divination. In some places, people believe that a Snake found in their court can bring delight. However, in most cases, this animal is considered evil, which scares people from the bottom of the heart. There are some idioms in China indicating the danger of this animal, for example, once bitten by the Snake twice shy of ten years.
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Year of the Horse
China Zodiac Animal - Horse
Horse is the seventh in the 12-year cycle of Chinese zodiac sign. The Years of the Horse include 1918, 1930, 1942, 1954, 1966, 1978, 1990, 2002, 2014, 2026...
The Five Elements of Horse is Fire , which symbolizes enthusiasm and energy. The animal gives people an impression of independence and integrity. Its spirit is recognized to be the Chinese people's ethos - making unremitting efforts to improve themselves with passion and diligence.
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Years of the Goat 1931, 1943, 1955, 1967, 1979, 1991, 2003, 2015, and 2027
The Goat's Personality: Calm, Gentle...
People born in a year of the Goat are generally believed to be gentle, mild-mannered, shy, stable, sympathetic, amicable, and brimming with a strong sense of kindheartedness and justice.
They have very delicate thoughts, strong creativity, and perseverance, and acquire professional skills well.
Although they look gentle on the surface, they are tough on the inside, always insisting on their own opinions in their minds.
Although they prefer to be in groups, they do not want to be the center of attention. They are reserved and quiet.
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Year of the Monkey
China Zodiac Animal - Monkey
Monkey is the ninth in the 12-year cycle of Chinese zodiac. The Years of the Monkey include 1920, 1932, 1944, 1956, 1968, 1980, 1992, 2004, 2016, 2028...
The monkey is a clever animal. It is usually compared to a smart person. During the Spring and Autumn Period (770 - 476 BC), the dignified Chinese official title of marquis was pronounced 'Hou', the same as the pronunciation of ‘monkey’ in Chinese. The animal was thereby bestowed with an auspicious meaning.
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the year of the Rooster
Years of the Rooster 1933, 1945, 1957, 1969, 1981, 1993, 2005, 2017, and 2029
the year of the Rooster
People born in a year of the Rooster are very observant. Hardworking, resourceful, courageous, and talented.
Roosters are talkative, frank, open, honest, and loyal individuals. They like to be the center of attention and always appear attractive and beautiful.
Roosters expect others to listen to them while they speak, and can become agitated if they don't. Vain and boastful, Roosters like to brag about themselves and their accomplishments.
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Dog Years
The Dog occupies the 11th position in the Chinese zodiac after the Rooster and before the Pig. In Chinese astrology, each year is related to a Chinese zodiac animal according to a 12-year cycle.
Dog - Love Compatibility
People born in the Year of the Dog usually have similar attitudes and preference towards love and relationships. Most of them show distinctive features when involved in a stable relationship. They are gentle, responsible, kind-hearted and loyal, and these characteristics leave a reliable impression in lovers’ eyes.
According to Chinese zodiac compatibility, they are good at communicating with partners even when there are any difficulties. Showing an abundance of patience makes them good listeners in a marriage.
2020 is a year beginning well and ending hard for Dogs. With everything going well, they won’t be satisfied because of their slowly growing greed. Throughout the whole year, Dogs should always be aware of gains and losses, so that they will know how to behave correctly.
Due to their loyal personality, Dogs tend to choose a career based on the principle of serving others.
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the year of the pig
2019 Year of the Pig
Years of the Pig 1935, 1947, 1959, 1971, 1983, 1995, 2007, 2019, and 2031
The Pig's Personality: Diligent, Compassionate...
Pigs are diligent, compassionate, and generous. They have great concentration: once they set a goal, they will devote all their energy to achieving it. Though Pigs rarely seek help from others, they will not refuse to give others a hand. Pigs never suspect trickery, so they are easily fooled.
General speaking, Pigs are relatively calm when facing trouble. No matter how difficult the problems are Pigs encounter, they can handle things properly and carefully. They have a great sense of responsibility to finish what they are engaged in.
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