講CUHK單嘢都講到口臭，今日想講下現代醫學急速發展，科學醫學基因學一日千里後對醫學院學生同初級醫生嘅影響
拿，頭盔，我唔係故意要同senior們作對，而係有d好重要嘅概念我覺得一路都無人address過。而醫學界仍然有股好重嘅「當年都係咁捱咁讀，點解你咁多意見」嘅風氣
的確，當年前輩們嘅非人on call生活、要去library睇文獻睇書而唔係方便地用Microsoft surface神速打筆記、開uptodate、開pubmed/medline等等。
無可否認，上個年前代嘅醫生們要增進知識要靠嘅自動波去睇論文去溫書，甚至要自己去R導師做臨床教學等等。無人否認當年環境無咁豐富，上堂無精美PowerPoint、臨床教學今時今日已經好structured，分哂history session, examination session, skills session，有像真度極高嘅假人俾你練習，呢d係上代無嘅luxuries
No one is denying this fact
但上一代都一樣無嘅係咩，大家有無諗過？
就係千千萬萬種過去20年發展出來嘅科學醫學理論同治療方法。
O&G 幾十年前都未知道preeclampsia嘅實際原因係乜，原來可以early pregnancy low dose aspirin prevent or delay onset of preeclampsia。廿年前都無HPV疫苗, 都無話原來screen HPV virology比Pap smears更有效發現子宮頸病變，廿年前無人需要知道呢d
Rheumatology幾十年都無一堆biologics, TNFa, IL inhibitor 。原來autoimmune inflammatory arthritis failed NSAID/MTX可以轉infliximab, adalimumab。psoriatic可以用secukinumab但如果有IBD/enteropathic features要小心IL-17 inhibitor，廿前年無人需要知道呢d
Immunology/ID，幾十年前HIV邊有咁多種antiretroviral？今時今日ART多到就算你de novo resistance都可以換藥換到U=U，廿年前都係得舊式治療，無人需要知種種嘅新式療法。immunology仲多咗幾十種唔同嘅complement, complement inhibitor etc etc嘅investigation
Respiratory醫ILD或pulmonary HTN幾十年前個療法來來去去都係得幾種。今時今日IPF有nintedanib，Pul HTN有成堆endothelin antagonist、PDE5 inhibitor同prostacyclin類嘅藥要知。asthma當年來來去去都係ventolin+inhaled/oral steroid，今時今日分埋IgE asthma, eosinophilic asthma，有成堆唔同嘅SABA-LABA, SAMA-LAMA, IgE monoclonal antibodies, IL-5, IL-4 and IL-13，到底eosinophil要幾多先會大機會有response，用緊steroid嘅eosinophil個cutoff係幾多。
Hematology/oncology幾十年前都未有monoclonal antibodies，無rituximab、nivolumab、targeted therapy等等，幾十年來個發現多咗好多唔同gene mutation同targeted site，EGFR, VEGFR, CTLA-4, PD-1，PD-L1、BRAF，HER-2, you name it you got it。以前癌症病人你大多只要beware of neutropenic fever/infection，今時今日你要screen埋immune checkpoint inhibitor autoimmune hepatitis, pneumonitis, thyroditis, colitis，你要知埋有個病人用緊nivolumab時突然變黃，你要screen咩autoimmune，落咩藥，high dose steroid定點，之後仲可唔可以rechallenge。乳癌病人HER-2依加唔止用herceptin，仲有埋pertuzumab，你仲要screen埋cardiomyopathy，echo drop幾多可以接受，係唔係reversible，可唔可以rechallenge
Endocrine幾十年前糖尿病來來去去都係metformin, gliclazide, insulin今時今日T2DM有GLP-1, SGLT-2, gliptin等等，有埋continuous glucose monitoring device又有bump又有唔同林林總總嘅治療。唔止T1/T2DM，今時今日仲有埋LADA，你要知埋個autoimmune panel screen咩。骨質疏鬆當年玩來玩去都係bisphosphonate，今時今日有denusumab有teriparatide，仲有更多新藥。
Gastroenterology幾十年前IBD來來去去都係steroid/steroid sparing agent 5-ASA/aza，今時今日有TNFa blocker有a4b7 inhibitor vedolizumab。當年hepC得幾種antiviral今時今日有sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, glecaprevir等等，仲變成curative。
Neurology MS幾十年前邊有natalizumab，今時今日如果MS on natalizumab with rapid neurological decline，你要諗埋會唔會可能係JC virus reactivation。GBM以前都係只靠surgical resection，今時今日可以用avastin, temozolomide仲要screen埋MGMT hypermethylation去決定有無得用chemo
呢啲改變同發展只係佔各system嘅一小部分，只係我細小嘅腦袋突然諗到嘅小部分內容。世界不斷發展，學海無涯，我們有愈來愈多嘅知識要學，呢一點無人懷疑過。
醫生擁有比一般人更多嘅權力同地位，就自然需要更大嘅責任。
但係，值得大家反思嘅係，當個knowledge base不斷擴大嘅時候，考試仍然要期望你記埋某張slide嘅角落嘅minute details時，呢個係唔係一個合理嘅期望？
當一個basic trainee去考PACES/long case嘅時候，到底係唔係同以前一樣要知得咁深入？當深度一樣，而個base不斷widen broaden時，新世代嘅醫生應該如何應對？
而考試嘅範圍似乎未有被address過，呢點好值得我地一齊諗諗
neurological examination 在 How to do a 4-Minute Neurologic Exam | Merck Manual ... 的八卦
Get a full introduction to the neuro exam: ... .com/professional/neurologic-disorders/neurologic-examination/introduction-to-the-neurologi. ... <看更多>