周庭現已保釋離開警署,感謝全港手足和各地友好一直的關注。
周庭氏は現在保釈され警察署から離れています。ご心配くださった世界中の方々に心から感謝します。周氏は「今回国安法で逮捕されたのは恐怖を感じだが、自由と民主を追求するのは悔やまない」とおっしゃいました。
Agnes Chow has just been released on bail. She thanks all freedom-loving people from all parts of the world for keeping track of what is happening in Hong Kong. Although feeling anxious and fear after her arrest under national security law, she has no regret fighting for liberty and democracy for the city.
// 周庭對於涉嫌違國安法被捕感事出突然,對拘捕理由不明所以,警方拘捕的理由是她7月至今利用社交媒體勾結外國勢力,但說法空泛,未有講明時間、事件及內容。
她指政府不止是以言入罪,更是無中生有,有關研究拘捕理據,要與法律團隊商討,至於會否被起訴暫未知道。
參與社會運動以來,她被捕4次,而今次是「最驚的一次」,爭取民主是不容易的路。被扣留逾24小時期間,她透過律師得知香港及海外朋友的支持,在警署一個冷冰冰的地方仍收到來自世界各地的支持鼓勵,她指爭取民主之路不易,但有人同行。//
#FreeAgnes
————-
在Patreon上支持周庭|Support Agnes on Patreon:
https://www.patreon.com/agneschow
同時也有6部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過72萬的網紅老外看中國、老外看台灣 | A Laowai's View of China & Taiwan | 郝毅博 Ben Hedges,也在其Youtube影片中提到,The CCP’s national security law in Hong Kong extends beyond the tragic fate of over 7.5 million people. It shows the entire world that the Chinese Com...
「what is national security」的推薦目錄:
- 關於what is national security 在 周庭 Agnes Chow Ting Facebook
- 關於what is national security 在 Lee Hsien Loong Facebook
- 關於what is national security 在 歷史時空 Facebook
- 關於what is national security 在 老外看中國、老外看台灣 | A Laowai's View of China & Taiwan | 郝毅博 Ben Hedges Youtube
- 關於what is national security 在 Chilli Lucas - 智利仔 Youtube
- 關於what is national security 在 風傳媒 The Storm Media Youtube
what is national security 在 Lee Hsien Loong Facebook 八卦
By now, you have probably heard about my father’s red box. Minister Heng Swee Keat posted about it last week. The red box was a fixture of my father’s work routine. It is now on display at the National Museum of Singapore in his memorial exhibition.
Some of my father’s other personal items are there too. His barrister’s wig (of horsehair) from when he was admitted to the Bar. And a Rolex Oyster Perpetual watch given to him by the Singapore Union of Postal and Telecommunications Workers after he represented them in the famous postmen’s strike in 1952.
I enjoyed my visit to the exhibition a few days ago. Was happy to hear that many of you went yesterday. The exhibition will be on until 26 April. – LHL
MR LEE'S RED BOX
Mr Lee Kuan Yew had a red box. When I worked as Mr Lee’s Principal Private Secretary, or PPS, a good part of my daily life revolved around the red box. Before Mr Lee came in to work each day, the locked red box would arrive first, at about 9 am.
As far as the various officers who have worked with Mr Lee can remember, he had it for many, many years. It is a large, boxy briefcase, about fourteen centimetres wide. Red boxes came from the British government, whose Ministers used them for transporting documents between government offices. Our early Ministers had red boxes, but Mr Lee is the only one I know who used his consistently through the years. When I started working for Mr Lee in 1997, it was the first time I saw a red box in use. It is called the red box but is more a deep wine colour, like the seats in the chamber in Parliament House.
This red box held what Mr Lee was working on at any one time. Through the years, it held his papers, speech drafts, letters, readings, and a whole range of questions, reflections, and observations. For example, in the years that Mr Lee was working on his memoirs, the red box carried the multiple early drafts back and forth between his home and the office, scribbled over with his and Mrs Lee’s notes.
For a long time, other regular items in Mr Lee’s red box were the cassette tapes that held his dictated instructions and thoughts for later transcription. Some years back, he changed to using a digital recorder.
The red box carried a wide range of items. It could be communications with foreign leaders, observations about the financial crisis, instructions for the Istana grounds staff, or even questions about some trees he had seen on the expressway. Mr Lee was well-known for keeping extremely alert to everything he saw and heard around him – when he noticed something wrong, like an ailing raintree, a note in the red box would follow.
We could never anticipate what Mr Lee would raise – it could be anything that was happening in Singapore or the world. But we could be sure of this: it would always be about how events could affect Singapore and Singaporeans, and how we had to stay a step ahead. Inside the red box was always something about how we could create a better life for all.
We would get to work right away. Mr Lee’s secretaries would transcribe his dictated notes, while I followed up on instructions that required coordination across multiple government agencies. Our aim was to do as much as we could by the time Mr Lee came into the office later.
While we did this, Mr Lee would be working from home. For example, during the time that I worked with him (1997-2000), the Asian Financial Crisis ravaged many economies in our region and unleashed political changes. It was a tense period as no one could tell how events would unfold. Often, I would get a call from him to check certain facts or arrange meetings with financial experts.
In the years that I worked for him, Mr Lee’s daily breakfast was a bowl of dou hua (soft bean curd), with no syrup. It was picked up and brought home in a tiffin carrier every morning, from a food centre near Mr Lee’s home. He washed it down with room-temperature water. Mr Lee did not take coffee or tea at breakfast.
When Mr Lee came into the office, the work that had come earlier in the red box would be ready for his review, and he would have a further set of instructions for our action.
From that point on, the work day would run its normal course. Mr Lee read the documents and papers, cleared his emails, and received official calls by visitors. I was privileged to sit in for every meeting he conducted. He would later ask me what I thought of the meetings – it made me very attentive to every word that was said, and I learnt much from Mr Lee.
Evening was Mr Lee’s exercise time. Mr Lee has described his extensive and disciplined exercise regime elsewhere. It included the treadmill, rowing, swimming and walking – with his ears peeled to the evening news or his Mandarin practice tapes. He would sometimes take phone calls while exercising.
He was in his 70s then. In more recent years, being less stable on his feet, Mr Lee had a simpler exercise regime. But he continued to exercise. Since retiring from the Minister Mentor position in 2011, Mr Lee was more relaxed during his exercises. Instead of listening intently to the news or taking phone calls, he shared his personal stories and joked with his staff.
While Mr Lee exercised, those of us in the office would use that time to focus once again on the red box, to get ready all the day’s work for Mr Lee to take home with him in the evening. Based on the day’s events and instructions, I tried to get ready the materials that Mr Lee might need. It sometimes took longer than I expected, and occasionally, I had to ask the security officer to come back for the red box later.
While Mrs Lee was still alive, she used to drop by the Istana at the end of the day, in order to catch a few minutes together with Mr Lee, just to sit and look at the Istana trees that they both loved. They chatted about what many other old couples would talk about. They discussed what they should have for dinner, or how their grandchildren were doing.
Then back home went Mr Lee, Mrs Lee and the red box. After dinner, Mr and Mrs Lee liked to take a long stroll. In his days as Prime Minister, while Mrs Lee strolled, Mr Lee liked to ride a bicycle. It was, in the words of those who saw it, “one of those old man bicycles”. None of us who have worked at the Istana can remember him ever changing his bicycle. He did not use it in his later years, as he became frail, but I believe the “old man bicycle” is still around somewhere.
After his dinner and evening stroll, Mr Lee would get back to his work. That was when he opened the red box and worked his way through what we had put into it in the office.
Mr Lee’s study is converted out of his son’s old bedroom. His work table is a simple, old wooden table with a piece of clear glass placed over it. Slipped under the glass are family memorabilia, including a picture of our current PM from his National Service days. When Mrs Lee was around, she stayed up reading while Mr Lee worked. They liked to put on classical music while they stayed up.
In his days as PM, Mr Lee’s average bedtime was three-thirty in the morning. As Senior Minister and Minister Mentor, he went to sleep after two in the morning. If he had to travel for an official visit the next day, he might go to bed at one or two in the morning.
Deep into the night, while the rest of Singapore slept, it was common for Mr Lee to be in full work mode.
Before he went to bed, Mr Lee would put everything he had completed back in the red box, with clear pointers on what he wished for us to do in the office. The last thing he did each day was to place the red box outside his study room. The next morning, the duty security team picked up the red box, brought it to us waiting in the office, and a new day would begin.
Let me share two other stories involving the red box.
In 1996, Mr Lee underwent balloon angioplasty to insert a stent. It was his second heart operation in two months, after an earlier operation to widen a coronary artery did not work. After the operation, he was put in the Intensive Care Unit for observation. When he regained consciousness and could sit up in bed, he asked for his security team. The security officer hurried into the room to find out what was needed. Mr Lee asked, “Can you pass me the red box?”
Even at that point, Mr Lee’s first thought was to continue working. The security officer rushed the red box in, and Mr Lee asked to be left to his work. The nurses told the security team that other patients of his age, in Mr Lee’s condition, would just rest. Mr Lee was 72 at the time.
In 2010, Mr Lee was hospitalised again, this time for a chest infection. While he was in the hospital, Mrs Lee passed away. Mr Lee has spoken about his grief at Mrs Lee’s passing. As soon as he could, he left the hospital to attend the wake at Sri Temasek.
At the end of the night, he was under doctor’s orders to return to the hospital. But he asked his security team if they could take him to the Singapore River instead. It was late in the night, and Mr Lee was in mourning. His security team hastened to give a bereaved husband a quiet moment to himself.
As Mr Lee walked slowly along the bank of the Singapore River, the way he and Mrs Lee sometimes did when she was still alive, he paused. He beckoned a security officer over. Then he pointed out some trash floating on the river, and asked, “Can you take a photo of that? I’ll tell my PPS what to do about it tomorrow.” Photo taken, he returned to the hospital.
I was no longer Mr Lee’s PPS at the time. I had moved on to the Monetary Authority of Singapore, to continue with the work to strengthen our financial regulatory system that Mr Lee had started in the late 1990s. But I can guess that Mr Lee probably had some feedback on keeping the Singapore River clean. I can also guess that the picture and the instructions were ferried in Mr Lee’s red box the next morning to the office. Even as Mr Lee lay in the hospital. Even as Mrs Lee lay in state.
The security officers with Mr Lee were deeply touched. When I heard about these moments, I was also moved.
I have taken some time to describe Mr Lee’s red box. The reason is that, for me, it symbolises Mr Lee’s unwavering dedication to Singapore so well. The diverse contents it held tell us much about the breadth of Mr Lee’s concerns – from the very big to the very small; the daily routine of the red box tells us how Mr Lee’s life revolved around making Singapore better, in ways big and small.
By the time I served Mr Lee, he was the Senior Minister. Yet he continued to devote all his time to thinking about the future of Singapore. I could only imagine what he was like as Prime Minister. In policy and strategy terms, he was always driving himself, me, and all our colleagues to think about what each trend and development meant for Singapore, and how we should respond to it in order to secure Singapore’s wellbeing and success.
As his PPS, I saw the punishing pace of work that Mr Lee set himself. I had a boss whose every thought and every action was for Singapore.
But it takes private moments like these to bring home just how entirely Mr Lee devoted his life to Singapore.
In fact, I think the best description comes from the security officer who was with Mr Lee both of those times. He was on Mr Lee’s team for almost 30 years. He said of Mr Lee: “Mr Lee is always country, country, country. And country.”
This year, Singapore turns 50. Mr Lee would have turned 92 this September. Mr Lee entered the hospital on 5 February 2015. He continued to use his red box every day until 4 February 2015.
(Photo: MCI)
what is national security 在 歷史時空 Facebook 八卦
1940年 八十年前 「差利卓別靈」第一部有聲片《大獨裁者》兩段經典片段。
黑白影片AI Colorized色
差利卓別靈在這部電影中同時扮演兩位各色,諷刺希特勒的納粹獨裁者和一位受納粹主義殘酷迫害的猶太理髮師。
卓別靈的第一部有聲電影《大獨裁者》,是專門針對阿道夫·希特勒和納粹主義所製作,也許與二人生日相差四天有關。在當時的政治氣候下,這部影片的訴求相當大膽,甚至惹起羅斯福總統以及希特勒的關注和批判。本片特別之處在於其上映時代,那是美國加入第二次世界大戰之前,美國仍和納粹德國保持良好關係。在對納粹主義的恐慌還未完全爆發時,卓別林此作就已經震撼人心了,並對希特勒、法西斯主義、軍國主義和納粹主義予以譴責。他在片末說道:「機器人隻有機械的思想和機械的心靈!」它生動地寫明納粹主義的醜惡,並塑造一個生動的猶太角色,描寫他遭受到的迫害。
《卓別靈-大獨裁者 片末演講中英翻譯》
I’m sorry, but I don’t want to be an emperor.
我很抱歉,我並不想成為一個皇帝。
That’s not my business. I don’t want to rule or conquer anyone.
這不是我要做的事。我不想統治或征服任何人。
I should like to help everyone, if possible, Jew, Gentile, black man, white.
我應該要幫助所有人,可能的話,猶太人、非猶太人,黑人、白人。
We all want to help one another.
我們都想互相幫助。
Human beings are like that.
人類的本性如此。
We want to live by each other’s happiness, not by each other’s misery.
我們想要大家幸福的生活,而不是悲慘的。
We don’t want to hate and despise one another.
我們不想要互相憎恨、互相鄙視。
In this world there is room for everyone.
在這世上有足夠容得下所有人的生存空間。
And the good earth is rich and can provide for everyone.
並且美好的地球足夠豐饒,供給所有人。
The way of life can be free and beautiful, but we have lost the way.
生活的方式可以是自由美麗的,但是我們迷失了。
Greed has poisoned men’s souls, has barricaded the world with hate,
貪婪毒害了靈魂,用仇恨阻礙世界,
has goose-stepped us into misery and bloodshed.
讓我們在正步中走向悲慘與殺戮。
We have developed speed, but we have shut ourselves in.
我們有更快捷的交通,但我們封閉自己。
Machinery that gives abundance has left us in want.
機器使人類富足,也使我們更加貪心。
Our knowledge has made us cynical.
知識使我們憤世嫉俗。
Our cleverness, hard and unkind.
聰明使我們冷酷刻薄。
We think too much and feel too little.
我們思考太多,感受太少。
More than machinery we need humanity.
比起機械,我們更需人性。
More than cleverness we need kindness and gentleness.
比起才智,我們更需仁慈,更需溫柔。
Without these qualities, life will be violent and all will be lost.
沒有這些特質,生活將會是暴力的,一切終將迷失。
The aeroplane and the radio have brought us closer together.
飛機與無線電將我們的距離拉近。
The very nature of these inventions cries out for the goodness in men, cries out for universal brotherhood, for the unity of us all.
這些發明的最初本意是喚醒我們的良善,喚醒整個世界的手足之情,呼喚著人類整體。
Even now my voice is reaching millions throughout the world,
就算現在正有全世界百萬人聽著我的言語,
millions of despairing men, women, and little children, victims of a system that makes men torture and imprison innocent people.
也還有百萬個絕望的男人、女人和小孩,是體制下受折磨、被囚禁的受害者。
To those who can hear me, I say:
正在聽著我的人們,聽著:
Do not despair.
不要絕望。
The misery that is now upon us is but the passing of greed,
現時籠罩我們的悲劇是我們過去的貪婪,
the bitterness of men who fear the way of human progress.
是恐懼進步的人的苦楚。
The hate of men will pass, and dictators die,
仇恨將逝,獨裁者也會死去,
and the power they took from the people will return to the people.
而他們從人民身上奪去的權力也將回到人民身上。
And so long as men die, liberty will never perish.
而只要人仍存在,自由就不會消逝。
Soldiers! don’t give yourselves to brutes, men who despise you, enslave you, who regiment your lives, tell you what to do, what to think and what to feel! Who drill you, diet you, treat you like cattle, use you as cannon fodder.
士兵們!不要聽命於殘暴之人,那些鄙視你、奴役你的人,那些控制你,控制你的所為、所思、所想!那些人勞役你、剝削你、把你當畜生利用、當砲灰利用。
Don’t give yourselves to these unnatural men, machine men with machine minds and machine hearts! You are not machines! You are not cattle! You are men! You have the love of humanity in your hearts! You don’t hate! Only the unloved hate, the unloved and the unnatural! Soldiers! Don’t fight for slavery! Fight for liberty!
不要把自己獻給那些違背自然的人,那些有著機械意識、機械心的機械人!你不是機器!你不是畜生!你是人!你心中有著人心的愛!你不會恨!只有那些不被愛的人會恨,那些不被愛的,不自然的人!士兵們!不要為奴役者而戰!要為自由而戰!
In the 17th Chapter of St Luke it is written: “the Kingdom of God is within man”, not one man nor a group of men, but in all men! In you! You, the people have the power, the power to create machines. The power to create happiness! You, the people, have the power to make this life free and beautiful, to make this life a wonderful adventure.
在路克福音第十七節寫道:「神之國就在你們心中。」不是在一個人也不是某一群人,而是所有人心中!在你心中!你們有力量,能創作機器,創造喜悅!你們有力量,能讓生活自在、美麗,讓生活成為一場精彩的冒險。
Then, in the name of democracy, let us use that power, let us all unite. Let us fight for a new world, a decent world that will give men a chance to work, that will give youth a future and old age a security. By the promise of these things, brutes have risen to power. But they lie! They do not fulfil that promise. They never will!
現在,以民主為名,讓我們用這股力量,讓我們團結。讓我們為一個新世界而奮鬥,一個會給你工作機會,會給你一個未來,給你老年的保障的像樣的世界。以這些承諾,暴君們提高了自己的權力。但他們說謊!他們不履行承諾。他們永遠不會!
Dictators free themselves but they enslave the people! Now let us fight to fulfil that promise! Let us fight to free the world! to do away with national barriers, to do away with greed, with hate and intolerance. Let us fight for a world of reason, a world where science and progress will lead to all men’s happiness.
獨裁者們解放自己,奴役人民!現在,讓我們為履行承諾而奮鬥!讓我們為解放世界而奮鬥!打破國界的壁壘,打破貪婪、仇恨與偏見。讓我們為一個理想的世界奮鬥,一個科學和進步會帶給全人類幸福。
Soldiers! in the name of democracy, let us all unite!
士兵們!以民主之名,讓我們團結!
what is national security 在 老外看中國、老外看台灣 | A Laowai's View of China & Taiwan | 郝毅博 Ben Hedges Youtube 的評價
The CCP’s national security law in Hong Kong extends beyond the tragic fate of over 7.5 million people. It shows the entire world that the Chinese Communist Regime would forsake its own economy, and rather violate international treaties, than grant Hong Kong its freedom.
In this latest episode, we use Norse mythology’s “Ragnarök” as an analogy for the ultimate showdown between the gods of good and evil, that leads to the apocalypse. However, after Ragnarök, the earth is restored and established anew.
Hong Kong is a war-zone between the evil CCP oppressors and the kind, brave civilian protestors. If Hong Kong falls, what will happen to it and the rest of the world? How is freedom of Hong Kong related to us— all of us? Our host Ben Hedges walks us through the protests during 2019-2020 and gives an in-depth analysis of how Hong Kong parallels Ragnarök.
在中共不顧全球輿論,強行立法下,港版國安法於六月底正式通過。中共為何要在香港強行立法?這對香港乃至全球有何影響?在「老外看香港」最新專題裡,我們採訪了香港、美國、加拿大、英國多位政要和專家,主持人郝毅博並以北歐神話「諸神黃昏」(Ragnarök)做比喻,為大家帶來完整分析,敬請收看!
#香港國安法 #一國兩制 #HongKongProtest
?訂閱老外節目:https://bit.ly/SubscribeLaowai
?捐助我們: http://bit.ly/ToLaoWai
-
?像你爸媽一樣追蹤老外臉書:
✅https://www.facebook.com/benhedgesntd
✅https://www.facebook.com/laowaintd
-
Credits:
Shutterstock Images: https://shutr.bz/2u8Zdp8
Music: Audioblocks.com, epidemicsound.com
Stock Video: Videoblocks.com
©️ 版權所有
what is national security 在 Chilli Lucas - 智利仔 Youtube 的評價
China is a threat to the world, and we need to stop it!
In memory of all the Victims.
Right now, Hong Kong is the front line in the fight against the CCP (aka Chinese Government). The CCP tortures, rapes, kills, harvest organs, enslaves, pollutes, destroys, poisons, censors and more.
We have to stand together and bring it down before is too late.
Let's not stay silent in front of the CCP. Help me spread awareness!
Help the victims in Hong Kong:
https://612fund.hk/
Subscribe to this Channel (BHD) for daily Videos about Hong Kong:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCWGeZMKEf_aZSD4LZ611mcg
Please consider supporting my work:
paypal.me/chilliLucas
https://www.patreon.com/chillilucas
I make livestreams and other videos in order to spread awareness of the truth and what really goes on in here in a day to day basis.
The people just want to live freely and without fear!
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sources:
Simple History: Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tRnW1Xs7asM&t=5s
BBC Tiananmen Square Footage
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMKvxJ-Js3A&t=2s
National Security Provisions Bill
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_(Legislative_Provisions)_Bill_2003
Organ Harvesting:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_harvesting_from_Falun_Gong_practitioners_in_China
https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-forcefully-harvests-organs-detainees-tribunal-concludes-n1018646
https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/11/16/china-covers-up-killing-of-prisoners-to-harvest-organs-for-transplant-new-report/#164649c82ec7
Why you should care about Hong Kong Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MOpoMURo8pM
Hong Kong's grandpa protesters speak softly but carry a stick | AFP
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5DHR218Jd0I
Hong Kong protesters hold sit-in at Yuen Long MTR station
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sIAZqcxyGDY
Hong Kong Protesters Occupy Airport With Mass Sit-In
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FDvnNnEMTxQ
Protesters light up central Hong Kong in peaceful vigil | AFP
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lBWM-rdjSkA
20190609 anti-ELAB 反送中609遊行 #不撤不散
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lh4My_ne9xA
Britain Signs Hong Kong Handover Agreement - 1984 | Today in History | 19 Dec 16
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=on_Z3Ifyyhs
法庭批准政府DQ計劃 長毛:既來之則安之
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUr4sZ1CVjg
Hong Kong - Handover ceremony
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wHRZyk_3gvU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uReVvICTrCM
How China is building an all-seeing surveillance state
If any source is missing, please let me know in the comments of the video and I will gladly append it.
what is national security 在 風傳媒 The Storm Media Youtube 的評價
On Taiwan Hashtag hosted by Ross Feingold, we discuss President Trump’s decision to relieve National Security Advisor John Bolton of his duties, and what that means for U.S. – Taiwan relations. Bolton is a good friend to Taiwan having visited many times and is a strong advocate for normalizing U.S.- Taiwan relations and weapons sales to Taiwan. Will the next national security advisor maintain the same interest in Taiwan? What does it mean for U.S. policy towards China, the Koreas, and Japan? Watch our program for a Taiwan perspective!
Follow us on Twitter 【@TaiwanHashtag】
#方恩格(Ross Feingold),紐約律師,前任美國共和黨海外部亞太地區主席,長期觀察臺灣政經
✓ 點我加入《風傳媒》Line 好友(ID:@dyp8323m) http://bit.ly/2hETgWE
✓ 點我訂閱《風傳媒》YouTube 頻道 http://bit.ly/2grkAJ6
✓ 點我追蹤《下班經濟學》IG頻道(ID:@worked_money) https://bit.ly/2WZ1Dnb
【Facebook粉絲團】
風傳媒►► https://www.facebook.com/stormmedia
風生活►► https://www.facebook.com/SMediaLife
下班經濟學►►https://www.facebook.com/workedmoney
what is national security 在 National Security versus Global Security - the United Nations 的相關結果
National security has been described as the ability of a state to cater for the protection and defence of its citizenry. Makinda's definition of security ... ... <看更多>
what is national security 在 National Security Definition and Examples - ThoughtCo 的相關結果
National security is the ability of a country's government to protect its citizens, economy, and other institutions. ... <看更多>
what is national security 在 National security - Wikipedia 的相關結果
National security, or national defence, is the security and defence of a sovereign state, including its citizens, economy, and institutions, ... ... <看更多>