文字遊戲?緊急授權是什麼?國產疫苗又在吵什麼?
別用片面解釋誤導民眾,本於事實的精確說明才能取得信任!
這幾天在網路上,針對海外疫苗的認證掀起一番論戰,許多人都提到「AZ、BNT、Moderna都是做了三期試驗,才得到主要國家緊急授權的」;昨天指揮中心召開記者會卻說「AZ、BNT、Moderna等各家疫苗都是在完成第三期試驗前,即取得主要國家緊急授權的」。
那到底是誰說錯了?
因為接下來的文章很長,我先說結論:這兩邊都只挑了想要呈現的事實來解釋,不僅不完整,也不夠精確。
準確來說,AZ、BNT、moderna等各家疫苗「都是在完成三期期中試驗結果後,確認試驗結果符合特定標準後,才獲得主要國家緊急授權(EUA)的。」
也就是說:
這些國外疫苗是不是二期試驗完成了就取得緊急授權(EUA)? 不是。
這些國外疫苗有沒有進行三期試驗才取得緊急授權(EUA)? 有,但是並沒有完成,提出的只是「期中報告」,指揮中心說得沒錯,完整三期試驗都要到 2021 年底之後才能做完。
本文開始囉!
首先我要先解釋何謂「緊急授權(EUA)」:一般來說,疫苗或藥品從開發到取得完整上市、完整授權,都需要非常多年的時間,然而,像是 COVID-19 這種迅速傳播的傳染病,從去年到現在已經造成全球無數傷亡,顯然沒有辦法再等上數年的時間等待疫苗完整授權。
也因此,如美國 FDA 等主管機關就設立了一些條件(當然也包含了疫苗試驗的階段),在保障安全性和有效性的情形下,先用「緊急授權(EUA)」,讓疫苗能夠先開始施打。
一、【現在這些疫苗,到底在哪個時間點「獲得」緊急授權(EUA)的?】
從相關文件可以很明顯的看到,這幾個廠商,「都是在完成三期中期試驗結果,確認試驗結果符合特定標準後,才獲得主要國家緊急授權(EUA)的。」
💉 BNT疫苗,2020/11/09 發布了 43,448 人的三期試驗期中數據報告,美國FDA則在2020/12/11,通過了該疫苗的緊急使用授權。
💉 AZ疫苗,2020/11/23 發布了 12,390 人的三期試驗期中數據報告,英國在2020/12/30 通過了該疫苗的緊急使用授權。
💉 Moderna疫苗,2020/11/16 發布了 30,420 人的三期試驗中期數據報告,美國FDA則在2020/12/18 通過了該疫苗的緊急使用授權。
二、【他們做的三期中期試驗報告,到底需要符合什麼條件才能取得EUA?】
這個條件到底是什麼呢,事實上在美國FDA的網站上載明得非常清楚。
首先它必須是「基於三期試驗的最終或中期分析成果」"based on a final analysis of a phase 3 clinical efficacy trial or an interim analysis of such trial"
再者它必須是「數據基礎必須超過三千位受試者」"an EUA request will include a phase 3 safety database of well over 3,000 vaccine recipients"
此外它必須有「第三期試驗中,過半受試者至少兩個月的追蹤數據。」" meaning that at least half of vaccine recipients in phase 3 clinical trials have at least 2 months of follow-up"
當然,普遍來說,也會要求第三期初步結果至少有 50 %的保護力。
也就是說,海外目前合格的疫苗,絕對沒有「只做」二期試驗就得到EUA的。然而,因為過去完成三期試驗必須耗時多年,因此縮短標準的EUA,要求的是「部分的三期試驗成果」。
事實上台灣目前的爭論,在一年前的美國也曾出現過,當時美國正在疫情高峰,單日確診數甚至達十萬以上,政治、經濟的壓力都非常強,但 FDA 最後還是秉持實證醫學的理念,要求藥廠要以臨床試驗的結果進行評估。
三、【指揮中心說國產二期就有可能拿到EUA是什麼意思?可能的問題是什麼?】
當然,雖然前面提到美國 FDA 如何堅持原則,但也必須要說,為了達到這樣的原則,美國傾盡了全國之力投入疫苗研發,這就是川普政府和民間共同出錢出力的「曲速行動計畫(Operation Warp Speed)」,就是希望在最短的時間內完成疫苗開發。
這個計畫基金總共有 180 億美元,正是因為三期疫苗試驗非常昂貴,以 BNT 來說,可能就花了數百億台幣,這也是為什麼,現在除了英、美之外,幾乎沒有國家有辦法在那麼短的時間內製造疫苗。
另外,在這些有效疫苗問世後,新的疫苗就不適合繼續在臨床試驗中,給受試者打食鹽水當對照,等於讓他們承受感染風險,進而面臨「倫理議題」的批判。這也是為什麼,全球開始思考要如何避免現在三期試驗出現的高門檻;陳建仁前副總統前幾天提到:「若未來中和抗體量能與其他廠牌的疫苗保護力相同,就可以接受食藥署審查」,正是其中一種概念。
也就是說,透過已獲認證的疫苗來作為標準,尚未進入三期臨床的疫苗,根據中和抗體比較,只要能產生足夠的抗體即可證實他的保護力,這在過去的流感、肝炎等疫苗都曾應用過。
這就是 WHO 近期開始討論的「免疫橋接實驗」,包含 WHO 和歐盟,都正在努力制定一個「抗體保護力(COP)」標準,讓這樣的中和抗體評估可以成為一種認證標準。
根據媒體報導,台灣的高端疫苗在近期(5/26)也收到 WHO 的邀請,參與了一場會議,除了討論這樣的標準,高端疫苗也表示等待準則公布後,會向歐盟 EMA 申請。
聽起來不是很棒嗎?可能出現的問題在哪?
首先,最重要的一點是,國產疫苗甚至連二期試驗都還沒解盲,而所謂的「抗體保護力(COP)」標準,目前 WHO 也還沒有真的提出來。
也有許多專家提醒,「理論上有效、初期人體試驗有效,但大規模臨床試驗發現是無效的記錄太多了」、「過去的疫苗是因為研究多年,才能確認中和抗體能夠當作有效性的替代指標」,甚至連陳時中部長都說,「國產疫苗目前是打算要用中和抗體的比較去確認有效性,確實比較不完整」。
而美國 FDA 也曾明確指出,「尚無數據可確認中和抗體的效價要多高,才能預防有臨床症狀的武漢肺炎」。
除此之外,即便我們的國產疫苗,很幸運獲得與moderna 同源(美國國衛院NIH)的技術轉移,但所用技術並不同,安全性也無法一概而論。縱使國產所用的次蛋白技術較為成熟,我們也還無法確定他的副作用如何,讓國產疫苗確實存在許多變數。
而且,雖然食藥署目前訂定的 EUA 條件為「二期受試者三千人以上,追蹤一個月的安全及療效」即可取得,但前幾天陳時中部長也強調,國產的安全性、有效性仍需要專家和科學的驗證。
四、【我當然支持國產疫苗研發,也具高度信心,不過呢?】
我要再次強調,國產疫苗當然有高度戰略價值,因為病毒未來很可能會持續變異,導致每年都要打新的一劑,甚至需要繼續研發新的技術,更遑論台灣的國際處境,讓我們勢必要擁有自給自足的技術。
因此,我高度支持國產疫苗的研發,我也希望這不只是短期的期待投射,而是長期的資源挹注!
除此之外,高端疫苗昨天發布聲明,當中提到,「本公司疫苗二期臨床結果如符合預期,將加速執行符合國際規範之三期臨床試驗,以取得國際認證為目標。」
而據媒體報導,聯亞生技則表示「已透過集團在美國的關係企業,向印度申請規模1.1萬人的三期臨床試驗,目標是今年年底之前完成三期臨床試驗的期中分析。」
我們當然期待,也樂見國產疫苗進入第三期臨床試驗並取得相關研究結果。
然而,我還是要提醒執政黨,不應該在國產疫苗還沒完成二期解盲的情況下,就把它納入八月台灣會取得的一千萬劑疫苗當中,彷彿像一個連期中考都還沒完成的學生,卻事先拿到成績一樣,不僅將國人健康陷入風險,更有可能導致未來施打後仍無法進行國境間的移動。
在二期解盲、國際抗體保護力標準訂出來之前,不應該將民眾的健康視若罔顧。
因此,我呼籲執政黨應該繼續透過公私協力,儘速取得獲國際認證疫苗,才能做好萬全準備,應對這個看不見終點的疫情,我也要呼籲指揮中心,不精確的說法會導致民眾的誤導,更疊高了社會溝通的成本,而信任、對話,才是疫情下台灣最需要的東西。
同時也有19部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過147萬的網紅Kento Bento,也在其Youtube影片中提到,Our Merch: https://standard.tv/kentobento Our Patreon: https://patreon.com/kentobento Nebula: https://watchnebula.com/kentobento Twitter: https://tw...
trial operation 在 黃之鋒 Joshua Wong Facebook 八卦
【國際記者會:回應選舉主任DQ黃之鋒的參選資格】
International Press Conference Respond on LegCo Disqualification: a Prelude to National Security Law Witch-hunt
就著政權強行編造事實,無理裁斷我現在仍然推動自決,以致定性反對國安法等於不擁護《基本法》,甚至更進一步硬性規定所有候選人必須「信奉」基本法,我將作逐一駁斥與回應。
選舉主任蔡敏君用心陰險,表面上是寫出一個取消我資格的理由,但明顯是以假新聞式操作,試圖為我羅織國罪名,配合國安公署鋪路以國安法起訴我。
假如我容讓這種選舉主任帶有誹謗的操作繼續廣傳,不駁斥這種假消息,相信他日到我被國安拘捕,甚至送中,也不會有辯解的機會。
這是我召開是次國際記者會的原因。
Nonetheless, the decision is far more than depriving my right to political participation. The 18-page decision contains a lot of fabricated allegations that could be used as offences under the National Security Law. In particular, Reutrning Officier Ms CHOI cited my recent Facebook post on the 10th of July, ten days after the NSL was in force, claiming that I have the intention to continue to solicit interference by foreign governments’ (para 27). To make it clear, it was definitely a misrepresentation because the post was merely a commentary of two international news.
I have to take steps to refute such false allegations, as we all know National Security Law is actually a legal weapon used against dissidents. Two days ago Tony Chung and three other students were arrested on inciting secession for online speeches. The special judges who oversee National Security Law cases are directly appointed by Carrie Lam. From making up evidence, arrest, prosecution and trial, the administration can control almost every procedure the law requires. If the slanderous operation of the government is tolerated and not refuted, I believe I would be given no chance of defence when I’m arrested.
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[#Save12: Our urgent cry from HK: Immediate Return of the 12 HK Detainees from Mainland China]
#請廣傳並讓更多英語世界的朋友看到這條影片
Hello, I am Joshua Wong. I hope you can spend around two minutes listen to our urgent cry from Hong Kong which related to the conspiracy of authorities to kidnap 12 Hong Kong activists to China for secret trial and detention.
Twelve Hong Kong activists, all involved in the movement last year, were seized by China’s coastal guard when fleeing to Taiwan for refuge in late-August. All of them are now detained secretly in China, with the youngest aged only 16. One of them is a Portuguese national, two are holding British Overseas National Passport. For more than 50 days, the Chinese authorities deprived them of the right to choose legal representatives. The health condition of the dozen activists are worrying since some of their medical needs are denied, and the risk of facing torture during detention is high.
The Hong Kong government is reluctant to save the activists, claiming they don’t have a role on this matter. But last week, flying record of a government aircraft revealed by whistleblower that the Government launched an aerial surveillence opearation while the activists was on board, with clear indication of ‘Police Operation’. Not only did the authorities witness interception of the 12 youths, they were involved in the conspiracy to kidnap activists to China for secret trial and detention.
The appalling development is followed by more brutal crackdown on activists in Hong Kong. In revenge, the police arrested nine more people for ‘assisting fugitives’. We are shocked to learn that Hong Kong Government has evidently colluded with Chinese authorities to put activists in greater danger, on matters clearly within its jurisdiction.
Perhaps we have too little imagined the determination of Beijing to crush the promise of ‘One Country, Two Systems’. I sincerely hope that the world will keep a close watch to Hong Kong protest.
Please join our global petition (https://bit.ly/save12youthspetitions) and photo campaign with hashtag #Save12 to urge the immediate return of the 12 HK detainees from Mainland China. We wish more people can pass our devotion on and do as much as you can to stand with people of Hong Kong. Thank you.
.................
💪小額支持我的獨家分析及文章:https://bit.ly/joshuawonghk
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trial operation 在 Kento Bento Youtube 的評價
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