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在cognitive這個產品中，有649篇Facebook貼文，粉絲數超過309萬的網紅蔡英文 Tsai Ing-wen，也在其Facebook貼文中提到， 昨晚我接待美國訪團後，深夜在Twitter上，出現一張簡體字帳號流傳的假公文。 這張偽造的總統府公文，謊稱「政府引進日本污水」，內容卻存在著使用簡體字、不熟悉我國政府體制及公文用語等明顯破綻。總統府發言人 第一時間對外澄清，而這就是典型的 #認知作戰（Cognitive Warfare）。 ...
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cognitive 在 蔡英文 Tsai Ing-wen Facebook 八卦

蔡英文 Tsai Ing-wen By 蔡英文 Tsai Ing-wen

2021-04-16 11:30:28 有 72,442 人按讚
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昨晚我接待美國訪團後，深夜在Twitter上，出現一張簡體字帳號流傳的假公文。
　　
這張偽造的總統府公文，謊稱「政府引進日本污水」，內容卻存在著使用簡體字、不熟悉我國政府體制及公文用語等明顯破綻。總統府發言人 第一時間對外澄清，而這就是典型的 #認知作戰（Cognitive Warfare）。
　　
根據 財團法人國防安全研究院 的研究，認知作戰，指的是透過資訊的散播，試圖影響對手的思維、甚至是行動。比如，藉由軍機、軍艦的威脅恫嚇，試圖施加心理壓力，或是製作及散播假訊息，試圖破壞社會的內部團結，都是認知作戰常見的模式。
　　
認知作戰可能會隨著時間不斷進化，這則刻意模仿的假公文，就是一個例子。所以我要提醒大家，網路上來源不明的假訊息，背後恐怕別有居心，請務必小心，多提防，多查證，切勿轉傳。
　　
這幾年，許多國家越來越重視認知作戰帶來的影響。昨天，我也對美國訪團表示，台灣在因應假訊息上，有相當的經驗，期待台美持續合作打擊假訊息，並和國際夥伴共同分享經驗。我要強調，民主自由得來不易，絕不能讓認知作戰撕裂台灣社會！
　　
👉國防安全研究院的報告請參見：https://reurl.cc/o9brjD

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蔡英文 Tsai Ing-wen

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「台灣的好，不應該輕易被擊倒。當新時代已經敲門，我們必須把門打開，讓世界看見台灣的好。」
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cognitive 在 3Q 陳柏惟 Facebook 八卦

3Q 陳柏惟 By 3Q 陳柏惟

2020-04-30 23:15:34 有 10,000 人按讚
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【社會安全補漏洞 司法精神醫療需全面升級】

去年，25歲的鐵路警察李承翰，在列車上協助處理試圖逃票的鄭嫌，不料鄭嫌拿出尖刀揮舞，李警官為了保護乘客安全奮勇壓制，竟遭鄭嫌刺殺殉職，社會對於逝去的警員生命深感憤慨。經嘉義地院審理，認定鄭嫌行為時有精神障礙，不能辨識行為違法，因此判決無罪，應入相當之處所施行監護處分5年，消息一出，引起輿論譁然。

　　
今天，也有許多打抱不平的民眾向團隊反應，我想呼籲的事，請民眾切勿出征進行精神鑑定的醫師或法官，應該思考的是，如何讓鄭嫌得到應有處置，不會再危害社會，也不要讓李警官的憾事重演。除了支持檢察官就此案再上訴外，作為立委，我要強調的是：監護處分和司法精神醫學的處置，仍有許多破洞！在付出人命後，我們該做的是補上破口，重建社會安全網！

　　
#精神異常抗辯早有數百年，#但問題在哪裡？
　　
嚴重的精神病人免刑，這並非新的概念，中世紀的英格蘭，或曹魏時代的中國，都早有瘋癲者不罰或減刑的法律慣例。早期法學者將這些人比喻為缺乏辨識能力的孩童、或失去理性的野獸，但概念說來簡單，但「＃如何辨識精神異常」就成為數百年來討論的焦點，特別在重大刑案發生時更是如此。

　　
1843年，英國首相庇爾爵士的秘書艾德蒙.壯蒙，在從銀行回家路上，遭到蘇格蘭人丹尼爾.馬克諾頓槍殺，馬克諾頓聲稱，執政黨不管他到哪裡都跟縱他、迫害他，想要謀殺他，因此讓他不得不刺殺首相，然而卻意外失誤殺錯對象。最後，馬克諾頓獲判 「無罪，但精神異常」，入住貝斯萊姆醫院。這個結果據說當時的維多莉亞女王都無法接受。然而馬克諾頓仍未受刑，22年後死在醫院中。

　　
1981年，美國一名名叫辛克利的年輕男子，為了證明自己對影星茱蒂.佛斯特的愛，竟然開槍企圖刺殺總統雷根。隔年陪審團以精神異常之名，判定辛克利無罪，需在華盛頓特區聖伊莉莎白醫院治療。消息一出，全美譁然，一時之間成為整個社會控訴精神醫學專家，或是反對精神異常抗辯的輿論浪潮。
　　

在馬克諾頓案後，經過兩世紀的演進，英美的精神異常抗辯準則，慢慢演變成「認知準則（cognitive test）」和「控制準則(volitional test）」兩大層面，這也就是我國刑法第19條的「不能辨識其行為違法」和「欠缺依其辨識而行為之能力」，這也大致上是不論大陸（德、日）或英美法系普遍採取的法律原則。這邊要特別注意，就算嫌犯有精神疾病，但若他在犯罪時，能辨識行為違法、能依辨識行為違法去行為（譬如病情穩定時），一樣要負起「完全責任」。


#對精神病犯避免危害比報復重要　　

上面故事的中的入院治療，其實就類似我們目前說的「監護處分」。
　　

如果一個精神異常的人，懲罰對他來說毫無感覺，那我們將之隔離於社會，重點就不在於「讓他知錯、悔改」甚至「教育」他，而在於「治療他」以及「避免其他人的危害」，真正問題大的就在這裡，我們應該要治療/關押這樣的人多久，才能確保社會安全？
　　

在鄭嫌一案中，大家一定會覺得「五年」判得很輕。

　　
這是因為，根據刑法第87條，因19條原因而不罰者，若有再犯或公共安全之疑慮，就可令嫌犯入相當處所施以監護，但這邊有「五年以下」的限制，所以五年已經是極限了。各位一定覺得很奇怪，如果像判決書裡面鄭嫌的病況如此嚴重，或是部分複雜個案，會不會五年也治不好，仍一直有危險？ 五年過後，我們又能怎麼辦呢？
　　

在刑法的保安處分裡面，另有可以繼續延長的「強制治療」這一種處份，很遺憾的，這只適用於性犯罪罪犯身上。對於殺人罪來說，在監護處份後，無論病情如何，均須回歸社會，對於某些難治病患而言，這就造成一定風險。

　　
#公共安全需要司法與醫療攜手合作

以德國來說，採行不定期留置制度，司法住院的延長有所彈性。而1983年美國最高法院認為，因精神異常而無罪者，在醫院中留置的時間可以比其獲判的刑期還長，因為這已經不是刑罰，而是「公共安全」或是「特別預防」，已經超過罪責相當的刑罰意義。
　　

雖然，我們不能任意剝奪他人自由，但在某些特殊個案，我認為監護處分仍要有讓精神衛生體系得以運作，也維繫社會安全的彈性，可以在刑前或刑後間轉換，在專業評估下，也可以延長。這樣就不會有「只能治療五年」，後續風險難測的問題。

　　
而以現在制度來說，在刑罰與監護處份後，似乎就不是法務部的責任，回到社區就醫後，就是衛福部的責任，但我認為，有不少合併人格疾患或多重共病的個案，是所謂的「病犯」，需要醫療協助、也需要一定的外部控制力，兩者如何協調就是大問題。不能只交由醫事人員承擔這樣的風險。
　　

服務處就有接獲這樣的案例，有一名合併多重精神疾病的性侵犯，在執行監護處份後，因病情未改善，送到某處繼續強制治療。然而在治療期間，寫恐嚇信威脅監護處份期間的醫護人員，衛福部認為有需要可以延長治療，然而法務部認為要先進行社區處遇才能再安排強制治療，後來這名個案竟提早出院，而隨後個案又旋即病發，所幸還未釀成憾事就又住院。
　　

試想，如果這樣未治療完成的個案，又去犯案，甚至攻擊監護處分期間的醫護人員報復，會產生多大的危害？而我們的司法精神衛生竟然無法妥善處理這樣個案的轉介醫療，避免漏接，不是很可怕嗎？

　　
#精神衛生法也需修正

更進一步來說，我們是不能能在原生家庭、社區組織，協同精神醫療相關能量，盡量就可能的先拆彈？就需要投入更多資源在心理衛生促進與預防上，並且完善精神衛生法的制度，讓需要的患者，即時得到治療。
　　

譬如鄭嫌，雖然判決書中提到已有明顯症狀，卻無病識感，未接受治療。

　　
目前精神衛生法針對自傷、傷人案件，主要的規範在精神衛生法第3條、第32條及第41條。病況嚴重的病人，當在實務上被認定有「自傷傷人之虞」，會由警消來協助強制送醫。而「強制住院」需經過一定的程序，按照上述第41條的規定，主要會經過「專科醫師診斷認為有必要者」來認定。若病人拒絕接受強制住院，就要進行緊急安置（最多五天），同時由兩個以上縣市主管機關指定的專科醫師進行強制鑑定，鑑定後仍有必要住，卻又被患者拒絕的話，就需填寫相關報告送審查會。
　　

那 #強制住院決定權要放在哪？
強制住院這類限制人身自由的決定，在一些國家主要是由「法院」來裁定，不讓壓力直接落在醫師身上。先前立法院也曾討論過這件事，但司法院的態度比較消極，認為量能無法處理。但或許我們應該開始檢視歷年相關案件的執行情形，而非一味抗拒。

　　
除了修法外，我們選前也多次強調，台灣的心理健康投資仍然不足，社區精神醫療預算過低，影響社會安全網的佈建。我們會希望，透過法律修正與行政效率提升，一定要更有效的讓患者及早接受醫療，並做好出院後的轉介追蹤，避免患者就此消失於茫茫人海，下次出現時卻成為不幸的社會案件。李警員的犧牲，是制度的問題，社會的安全，我們一定努力去推動！

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3Q 陳柏惟

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台灣基進台中市第二選區霧峰、沙鹿、大肚、烏日、龍井選區立法委員。 國立高雄大學 資訊管理學系 經歷 新都慢速壘球協會 網管 兔將視覺特效 立體製作總監 汪達創意 執行長 作品 微電影 台灣如龍 製作人 電影 幸福路上 執行製片 電影 寒戰二 立體製作總監 電影 華麗上班族 立體製作總監 電影 Kano 特效專案經理 電影 風暴 立體專案經理 等21部作品 社團 高雄市牙醫公會壘球隊 教練 高雄醫學大學醫學系壘球隊 教練 高雄市夏綠地壘球隊 隊員 電影製作、企業管理、活動統籌 講師 電影、節目 台語配音員
3Q 陳柏惟
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cognitive 在 蕪菁雜誌 Facebook 八卦

蕪菁雜誌 By 蕪菁雜誌

2019-04-19 08:00:00 有 9,500 人按讚
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#韓粉政治的雙重思考現象
#如何避免陷入鄉愿大醬缸
　　
前幾天我有個喜歡哈拉的朋友說，我們平常都在同溫層裡面瞎聊，應該「跨出同溫層」，瞭解一下韓國瑜粉、國民黨粉他們到底在想些什麼。所以他跑去「夜探敵營」，申請加入了一個韓粉的臉書群組。
　　
過了兩天，他跟我說，他放棄了，因為「韓粉的思維真的不是我能夠理解的，我看了頭好痛」。
　　
我有點同情他。畢竟他去群組裡面，舉目所及都是鐵到沒程沒度的韓粉。作為高雄人，我的現實生活也少不了有票投韓國瑜的朋友，只要不碰政治，和他們相處也都很愉快。不過，一小部份韓國瑜鐵粉的思維，真的會讓我感到不舒服。但，這種不舒服的感覺是從哪冒出來的呢？
　　
剛才發呆的時候，一個名詞突然湧上心頭－英國名作家喬治．歐威爾（George Orwell）在小說《１９８４》裡提出的概念，叫「雙重思考（doublethink）」。
　　
歐威爾給「雙重思考」這名詞的定義是：同時接受兩種相違背的信念或行為，明知它們互相矛盾，卻仍說服自己都照單全收。
　　
觀念不太好理解？我們不妨看看幾個例子：
　　
一邊說「政治人物必須勤政愛民」，但另一方面又對韓國瑜頻繁的請假曠職無動於衷。
　　
一邊說高雄市府負債數額高、必須省吃儉用，但另一方面又贊成韓國瑜大灑公帑坐直昇機。
　　
一邊說期待韓國瑜當好高雄市長，但另一方面又說總統非韓不投。
　　
一邊說韓國瑜是「正向能量、道德模範」，但另一方面又支持韓國瑜說「能撈就撈、能混就混」。
　　
一邊說韓國瑜是「腳踏實地在為高雄設想」，但另一方面又覺得挖石油、迪士尼、賽馬場等謬論是好點子。
　　
好啦，打韓粉打得有點多了。講個網路上看來的笑話吧！
　　
有位年輕朋友Ａ，非常憤恨民進黨的勞基法修惡，去到哪裡都說「還我勞權」、「還我七天假」。結果前一天郭台銘宣佈角逐總統，他突然說，他要支持郭董。他的朋友就問他，郭董不是那種最不在乎勞權的企業家嗎？你看富士康當時跳了幾個人下去！
　　
他說：「我不管！郭董有能力，可以帶領大家賺到錢！」
　　
他朋友說：「你之前不是最恨民進黨，說他們都是『資進黨』嗎？怎麼現在反倒支持台灣最大的資本家呢？」
　　
某Ａ：「……」
　　
好啦，笑話講完了。但笑話背後，反映的是華人社會裡面普遍存在的「雙重思考」問題。就像歐威爾在《１９８４》裡面所揭示的，這是長期被極權政體洗腦、規訓以後的結果。兩個截然相反的信念或行為放在一起，任誰都會感到不舒服，也就是心理學家常講的「認知失調（cognitive dissonance）」。
　　
但是習於「雙重思考」的華人們，往往會自己生出一套邏輯，把兩個矛盾的東西湊在一起。而這個邏輯是悖離客觀事實的。往好聽一點講叫「鄉愿」，往難聽一點講叫「腦補」，再往難聽一點講叫「硬拗」，用日本話講就是「支離滅裂な思考・発言」。
　　
所以一邊說韓國瑜是「正向能量、人格高尚」，又贊同韓國瑜說「能撈就撈、能混就混」，中間的腦補就是「韓國瑜真性情、不做作」。
　　
所以一邊說韓國瑜是「勤政愛民」，又一邊默許韓國瑜宿醉曠職，中間還要幫忙腦補「韓國瑜做得好累喔！要好好保重身體喔！」
　　
噢這些邏輯看得我頭好痛，真的要耐住好大的性子才能寫完這篇文章。
　　　　
與其說這些人是「雙重思考」，不如說是因為他們被洗腦習慣了，認同都跟著極權政黨或偉大領袖在走；但天下沒有完美的政黨，更沒有完美的人格，所以極權政黨或偉大領袖掌權後，長期目標，就是灌輸人們「雙重思考」的思維模式。讓他們眼睜睜地看到政黨和領袖所講的和所做的產生嚴重矛盾時，順民們還能夠乖乖地幫領導們合理化。
　　
一開始的時候，極權領導者還要試著欺騙群眾；當「雙重思考」的習慣養成以後，領導者就不需要欺騙群眾了，順民會自己欺騙自己。
　　
孔子所謂的「鄉愿，德之賊也」大概就是指這類型的思維。雖然中國後代的極權領導者們，用改編過的孔子思想奴役了好大一批人民，但是如果還原到三千年前孔子的原貌的話，不得不說，很多時候孔老夫子的腦袋是異常清楚的，只是後人遵循的都是孔子的幻影而已。
　　
要避免被這種「雙重思考」的鄉愿醬缸馴養成極權奴才，最重要的一點就是，在支持任何政黨、政治人物與口號以前，要先釐清事實：這些人講的和做的是否一致？然後再深入自己的內心，探討對自己最重要的議題是什麼？
　　
我們都很清楚，民主政黨與政治人物沒有完美的，也不可能在每個議題上和個人同步，也不可能在政治變革的過程中事事盡如人意。但是如果搞清楚個人的底線，知道對自己最重要的議題是什麼，凡事基於事實來做判斷，就不會做出「ＸＸ一樣爛，票投（另一個言行更加嚴重不一致的）ＯＯＯ」這種自相矛盾的民主抉擇來。
　　
最後，轉錄前一天年代新聞台《年代向錢看》的專訪片段。如果看完以後覺得不會頭痛的，那小弟也只能大感佩服了！
　　
https://youtu.be/QNurtttqWW8?t=2649
　　
（作者：#C編）
　　
📖 參考閱讀
　　
中國禁聞網，《比「欺騙」更有效的洗腦手法—基於「雙重思想」的思維控制》
https://www.bannedbook.org/…/…/comments/20140805/284008.html
　　
編按：維基百科裡面把doublethink翻譯成「雙重思想」。

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cognitive 在 MakeLearningFun Youtube 的評價

MakeLearningFun By MakeLearningFun

2016-07-23 18:25:31 有 20,662,617 人看過 有 23,129 人喜歡
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Due to Youtube decrease the income for kid's video, we are greatly affected. We have launched patreon page https://www.patreon.com/makelearningfun, we will more original, creative stuff for kids, hope you can support us!“ Thank you!

In this video, we will teach different shapes to your kids with a Shape Sorter Cognitive and Matching Plastic Toy.

The toy contain triangle,oval,circle, diamond, rectangle, semicircle, star, moon and square.
We will pronounce each block and find the corresponding hole to put them back, it is simple and fun.


This video is also suitable for someone who wants to learn English as second language, We hope your kid will enjoy this video and able to identify different colors same as my kid.

If you want to watch more video from us, please
-do subscribe us!
http://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7pL7eH9oa4Ul05Slu2uUWw?sub_confirmation=1

-like the video and share to you friend who have kid on the facebook, tweeter, google+....etc

Learn shapes playlist:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zfMGbZYo1xw&index=5&list=PLDQjcD7DJPwkz11nuQJ6TNGGclAXUt4zu

Learn letter A to Z playlist:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDQjcD7DJPwl4mTLbXzpJGfuYaZ6pz87-

Learn names of animal with sound playlist:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDQjcD7DJPwmpnepbnrgxL5TJY5NqIRJ4

Learn names of street vehicle and its sound playlist
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDQjcD7DJPwkk7wqGzd0qV9XCc8PTndDM

Learn names of fruits and vegetables
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDQjcD7DJPwkcfWoKnQXBvpvTriMF5L7i

Learn number and counting playlist:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDQjcD7DJPwk05uDW8MNPGdIrY8tHvNz5

post-title
MakeLearningFun

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Welcome to my channel "Make learning fun" !My name is Jojo, I am making video for my daughter to learn and laugh. Why do we need to make learning fun? Because We believe it is the most efficient way for children to learn and absorb new information if they feel they are doing something funny and enjoyable. Usually I will pick up some popular educational toys for my daughter as she grow, all of them is within an affordable price such as Play-Doh, Velcro food cut, Disney Toys, Vehicle....etc, so after watching our video, you can actually go and buy the educational toys for your kids, and play with them! Hope you and your kid will enjoy our video and let's make learning fun!
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cognitive 在 MakeLearningFun Youtube 的評價

MakeLearningFun By MakeLearningFun

2016-04-07 19:00:00 有 2,387,000 人看過 有 2,164 人喜歡
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h Shape Sorter Cognitive and Matching Wooden Toy

In this video, we will teach different shapes to your kids with a Shape Sorter Cognitive and Matching Wooden Toy.

The toy is made by wood, safe to kid and affordable which contain triangle,oval,circle, diamond, pentagon, rectangle, semicircle, star, trapezod.
We will pronounce each block and find the corresponding hole to put them back, it is simple and fun.


This video is also suitable for someone who wants to learn English as second language, We hope your kid will enjoy this video and able to identify different colors same as my kid.

If you want to watch more video from us, please
-do subscribe us!
http://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7pL7eH9oa4Ul05Slu2uUWw?sub_confirmation=1

-like the video and share to you friend who have kid on the facebook, tweeter, google+....etc


Learn names of animal with sound playlist:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDQjcD7DJPwmpnepbnrgxL5TJY5NqIRJ4

Learn names of street vehicle and its sound playlist
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDQjcD7DJPwkk7wqGzd0qV9XCc8PTndDM
Learn names of fruits and vegetables
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDQjcD7DJPwkcfWoKnQXBvpvTriMF5L7i

Learn number and counting playlist:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDQjcD7DJPwk05uDW8MNPGdIrY8tHvNz5

post-title
MakeLearningFun

About author
Welcome to my channel "Make learning fun" !My name is Jojo, I am making video for my daughter to learn and laugh. Why do we need to make learning fun? Because We believe it is the most efficient way for children to learn and absorb new information if they feel they are doing something funny and enjoyable. Usually I will pick up some popular educational toys for my daughter as she grow, all of them is within an affordable price such as Play-Doh, Velcro food cut, Disney Toys, Vehicle....etc, so after watching our video, you can actually go and buy the educational toys for your kids, and play with them! Hope you and your kid will enjoy our video and let's make learning fun!
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看看搜尋的結果吧：

cognitive 在 cognitive中文(繁體)翻譯：劍橋詞典 的相關結果

cognitive 的例句. cognitive. Nevertheless, we consider them here for their insight into systems that acquire representations appropriate for a cognitive domain ... ... <看更多>

cognitive 在 cognitive - Yahoo奇摩字典搜尋結果 的相關結果

cognitive dissonance. 美式. ph. 【心】認知失調， ... ... <看更多>

cognitive 在 cognitive (【形容詞】感知的, 認知的)意思、用法及發音 - Engoo 的相關結果

"cognitive" 例句 ... Cognitive science is the study of how the brain works. Playing helps babies' cognitive development. 玩耍有助於寶寶的認知能力發展。 ... <看更多>

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#1. cognitive中文(繁體)翻譯：劍橋詞典

cognitive 的例句. cognitive. Nevertheless, we consider them here for their insight into systems that acquire representations appropriate for a cognitive domain ...

#2. cognitive - Yahoo奇摩字典搜尋結果

cognitive dissonance. 美式. ph. 【心】認知失調， ...

#3. cognitive (【形容詞】感知的, 認知的)意思、用法及發音 - Engoo

"cognitive" 例句 ... Cognitive science is the study of how the brain works. Playing helps babies' cognitive development. 玩耍有助於寶寶的認知能力發展。

#4. cognitive - 用法_例句 - 海词词典

用作形容詞 (adj.) Thinking in terms of dualisms is common in our cognitive culture. 我們的認識文化通常具有兩重性思考。 The second cognitive revolution is a post ...

#5. cognitive中文, cognitive是什麼意思:認知的… - 查查在線詞典

adj. 認識的，有認識力的。 cognitive powers 認識力。 "brand cognitive" 中文翻譯： 什么是品牌認知度; "cognitive abilities" 中文翻譯： 認知能力（心理學術語） ...

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cognitive (a.)認知的,認識的,有認識力的.

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