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‘劍橋大學考試題目問納粹德國統治正過蘇共統治，你同意嗎？歷史哪有不可以討論的，任何學術題目也可以正反論證，劍橋大學這樣問會傷害了猶太人的民族感情嗎？當然不會，真理是能夠越辯越明的！誰說你試試去歐洲人那裏問會給人打死？The Nazi-Soviet Pact was of greater benefit to Germany than it was to the Soviet Union.’ How
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
International General Certificate of Secondary Education
⛔ LUYỆN READING NÀO ⛔
THE IMPORTANCE OF CHILDREN'S PLAY
Brick by brick, six-year-old Alice is building a magical kingdom. Imagining fairy-tale turrets and fire-breathing dragons, wicked witches and gallant heroes, she's creating an enchanting world. Although she isn't aware of it, this fantasy is helping her take her first steps towards her capacity for creativity and so it will have important repercussions in her adult life.
Minutes later, Alice has abandoned the kingdom in favour of playing schools with her younger brother. When she bosses him around as his 'teacher', she's practising how to regulate her emotions through pretence. Later on, when they tire of this and settle down with a board game, she's learning about the need to follow rules and take turns with a partner.
'Play in all its rich variety is one of the highest achievements of the human species,' says Dr David Whitebread from the Faculty of Education at the University of Cambridge, UK. 'It underpins how we develop as intellectual, problem-solving adults and is crucial to our success as a highly adaptable species.'
Recognising the importance of play is not new: over two millennia ago, the Greek philosopher Plato extolled its virtues as a means of developing skills for adult life, and ideas about play-based learning have been developing since the 19th century.
But we live in changing times, and Whitebread is mindful of a worldwide decline in play, pointing out that over half the people in the world now live in cities. 'The opportunities for free play, which I experienced almost every day of my childhood, are becoming increasingly scarce,' he says. Outdoor play is curtailed by perceptions of risk to do with traffic, as well as parents' increased wish to protect their children from being the victims of crime, and by the emphasis on 'earlier is better' which is leading to greater competition in academic learning and schools.
International bodies like the United Nations and the European Union have begun to develop policies concerned with children's right to play, and to consider implications for leisure facilities and educational programmes. But what they often lack is the evidence to base policies on.
'The type of play we are interested in is child-initiated, spontaneous and unpredictable- but, as soon as you ask a five-year-old "to play", then you as the researcher have intervened,' explains Dr Sara Baker. 'And we want to know what the long-term impact of play is. It's a real challenge.'
Dr Jenny Gibson agrees, pointing out that although some of the steps in the puzzle of how and why play is important have been looked at, there is very little data on the impact it has on the child's later life.
Now, thanks to the university's new Centre for Research on Play in Education, Development and Learning (PEDAL), Whitebread, Baker, Gibson and a team of researchers hope to provide evidence on the role played by play in how a child develops.
'A strong possibility is that play supports the early development of children's self-control,' explains Baker. 'This is our ability to develop awareness of our own thinking processes - it influences how effectively we go about undertaking challenging activities.'
In a study carried out by Baker with toddlers and young pre-schoolers, she found that children with greater self-control solved problems more quickly when exploring an unfamiliar set-up requiring scientific reasoning. 'This sort of evidence makes us think that giving children the chance to play will make them more successful problem-solvers in the long run.'
If playful experiences do facilitate this aspect of development, say the researchers, it could be extremely significant for educational practices, because the ability to self-regulate has been shown to be a key predictor of academic performance.
Gibson adds: 'Playful behaviour is also an important indicator of healthy social and emotional development. In my previous research, I investigated how observing children at play can�give us important clues about their well-being and can even be useful in the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders like autism.'
Whitebread's recent research has involved developing a play-based approach to supporting children's writing. 'Many primary school children find writing difficult, but we showed in a previous study that a playful stimulus was far more effective than an instructional one.' Children wrote longer and better-structured stories when they first played with dolls representing characters in the story. In the latest study, children first created their story with Lego*, with similar results. 'Many teachers commented that they had always previously had children saying they didn't know what to write about. With the Lego building, however, not a single child said this through the whole year of the project.'
Whitebread, who directs PEDAL, trained as a primary school teacher in the early 1970s, when, as he describes, 'the teaching of young children was largely a quiet backwater, untroubled by any serious intellectual debate or controversy.' Now, the landscape is very different, with hotly debated topics such as school starting age.
'Somehow the importance of play has been lost in recent decades. It's regarded as something trivial, or even as something negative that contrasts with "work". Let's not lose sight of its benefits, and the fundamental contributions it makes to human achievements in the arts, sciences and technology. Let's make sure children have a rich diet of play experiences.'
⛔ CÂU HỎI:
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1. Children with good self-control are known to be likely to do well at school later on.
2. The way a child plays may provide information about possible medical problems.
3. Playing with dolls was found to benefit girls’ writing more than boys’ writing.
4. Children had problems thinking up ideas when they first created the story with Lego.
5. People nowadays regard children’s play as less significant than they did in the past.
(Trích Cam 14)
⛔ HIGHLIGHT TỪ VỰNG
Possibility (n): Khả năng
Self-control (n): Tự kiểm soát
Toddler (n): Trẻ mới biết đi
Pre-schooler (n): Trẻ nhỏ tuổi
Unfamiliar (adj): Không quen thuộc
Facilitate (v): Tạo điều kiện cho
Diagnosis (n): Chẩn đoán
Autism (n): Tự kỷ
Approach (n): Phương pháp
Stimulus (n): Sự kích thích
Serious (adj): Nghiêm túc
Debate (v): Tranh luận
Trivial (adj): Tầm thường
Fundamental (adj): Cơ bản
Contribution (n): Sự đóng góp
Các bạn làm đề nhé, cô chia sẻ đáp án dưới cmt nha!
‘劍橋大學考試題目問納粹德國統治正過蘇共統治，你同意嗎？歷史哪有不可以討論的，任何學術題目也可以正反論證，劍橋大學這樣問會傷害了猶太人的民族感情嗎？當然不會，真理是能夠越辯越明的！誰說你試試去歐洲人那裏問會給人打死？The Nazi-Soviet Pact was of greater benefit to Germany than it was to the Soviet Union.’ How
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
International General Certificate of Secondary Education
我會怎樣答DSE1900-45年日本對中國利大於弊？《人民日報》、教育局回應水平太低，20200516 https://youtu.be/ErstQDmyPcY
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この動画は、以下の参考文献を元にした、DaiGoの独断と偏見を含む考察により、科学の面白さを伝えるエンターテイメントです。そのため、この動画はあくまでも一説であり、その真偽を確定するものではありません。
より正確な情報が必要な方は参考文献・関連研究をあたるか、信頼できる専門家に相談することをオススメします。
訂正や追加情報があれば、コメントなどに随時追記します。
Mollie Galloway, Jerusha Conner & Denise Pope (2013) Nonacademic Effects of Homework in Privileged, High-Performing High Schools, The Journal of Experimental Education, 81:4, 490-510, DOI: 10.1080/00220973.2012.745469
• Total Paper Citation (6 years): 70
LeTendre, G., Ikoma, S., Liang, G., & Akiba, M. (presented 2014, March). Gender differences in outside-school academic activity: Homework vs. work at home. Paper presented at CIES annual meeting, Comparative & International Education Society, Toronto, Canada. (International)
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/527e/698c21e1d853900661043f7f7bb71622971e.pdf
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1747938X16300628
https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2005/06/i_always_hated_.html
Cathy Vatterott(2018)Rethinking Homework: Best Practices That Support Diverse Needs (English Edition)2nd Edition こちら、バターロットさんの本には、序文にいきなり Since the first edition of this book was published in 2009, much has changed, but the controversy surrounding homework has not abated. Research has still been unable to show proof of homework's benefit. と書いてあるのが面白いです。この本は宿題に関する様々な研究を紹介する決定版的な本ですが、初版からほぼ10年経過し、宿題に関しては様々な研究が出たものの、宿題のメリットはまだ見つかっていない。ということが前提で考察されています。
リサーチ協力
Tatsuya Daikoku Ph.D in Medicine University of Cambridge Department of Psychology https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.researchgate.net/profile/Tatsuya_Daikoku/amp
Yu Suzuki http://www.nicovideo.jp/paleo #今なら
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cambridge international education 在 Welcome To Cambridge Assessment International Education 的八卦
Welcome To Cambridge Assessment International Education. 4,430 views4.4K views. Nov 1, 2017. 34. Dislike. Share. Save. Cambridge Schools. ... <看更多>